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When contradicted, he raised his cane; he beat people as he had done in the great century.
:)))
He had a daughter over fifty years of age, and unmarried, whom he chastised severely with his tongue, when in a rage, and whom he would have liked to whip. She seemed to him to be eight years old. He boxed his servants’ ears soundly, and said: “Ah! carogne!”
he had himself shaved every day by a barber who had been mad and who detested him, being jealous of M. Gillenormand on account of his wife, a pretty and coquettish barberess
BARBER GUY YOU HAVE THE CHANCE TO DO THE FUNNIEST THING
he sucks so bad! pretty sure "chastised severely with his tongue" is an attempt at censorship or mistranslation as well... the original says "rosser" ("qu'il rossait trés fort"), which very much implies this man physically beat his adult daughter severely and with some regularity 😬
Courfeyrac encapsulates so much about what I love of the second wave Romantics— that instinctive, immediate friendship for people who seem lost; the commitment to social justice and to actively changing their society; the wit and seeming frivolity that overlays a very serious and active sense of justice; the sense of a warm community of friends who support and help each other; the idea that enjoyment of the finer things in life are not incompatible with dedication to a good and necessary cause, but are, in fact, a necessary part of it; the gallows humor; the way art, literature, and philosophy are so much a part of life, they’ve become punning matters— and, above all, the punning.
Whenever someone tells you something is too short, always remember Les Mis Volume III: Marius; Book I: Paris Studied in its Atom; Chapter XII: The Future Latent in the People is literally one (1!) paragraph long :p
"LES MISERABLES" LOCATIONS IN PARIS: AN ILLUSTRATED GUIDE
BY KATIE BARNES
AVAILABLE NOW ON AMAZON
“Among many other things, “Les Misérables” is Victor Hugo's love letter to the Paris of his youth... His descriptions of its streets and buildings, and the routes the characters take, are almost forensically detailed and accurate.”
If you have ever wanted to know more about the locations in Paris where Victor Hugo says that Valjean, Javert and the other characters walked, this will be for you. Using contemporary and modern maps, photographs, engravings and paintings, this book gives detailed written and illustrated histories for 35 locations connected with the novel, the musical and the life of Victor Hugo, including the sites of the Barricade, the Rue Plumet, the quay where Javert commits suicide, the Cafe Musain, the church where Marius and Cosette are married, the street where Valjean dies, the street where Hugo was nearly killed on the night of the barricades, the Pantheon where he is buried, the place on the river bank where Valjean and Marius emerge from the sewers, and many more. And if you visit Paris in person, the book includes information on travel to each location by Metro, bus and bicycle, together with two suggested walking tours on the Right and Left Banks.
All profits are donated to Acting For Others, which provides financial and emotional support to all those working in theatrical professions, through its network of 14 member charities. I will receive no financial benefit whatsoever.
It's available as a Kindle download for £5.99/$7.99; as a paperback with colour illustrations for £21.50/$28.98; and as a paperback with illustrations in black & white for £12.50/$16.79.
If you like it, please leave a rating and review on Amazon: if I get more than 10 positive reviews and ratings, Amazon will do more to help me publicise it, which would hopefully mean more sales and more funds raised for Acting for Others.
These are the links to all three editions on Amazon:
Black & white edition:https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0H2WCQTHM
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really endeared by this thing victor hugo does where we wont see jean valjean for a few chapters and then he'll be like. and here is a MAN who is EXCEPTIONALLY STRONG and KIND and QUIET and depending on whether or not its post m. sur m. has WHITE HAIR and NO ONE KNEW ANYTHING ABOUT HIM and ill say victor is this man jean valjean? and he'll say no...🤭 its just some other man who happens to have INCREDIBLE STRENGTH which is VERY CONVENIENT and allows him to do something no one else could. and then like three pages later he'll go suprise! it was jean valjean all along! and i'll pretend to be suprised. its like peekaboo for 186-s french men
Thanks so much for all the nice comments on the Enjolras booklist! I'm going to be putting out all of the Les Amis booklists I've made over the next few weeks. (Or, trying, idk Grantaire might break the tumblr post character limit.) For now, here are all the allusions made by, about, or to Courfeyrac throughout Les Mis. The Courfeyrac book club!
Courfeyrac is one of the triumvirate at the heart of Les Amis and especially since he’s Marius’s bestie / roommate, he gets some of the most dialogue out of all the barricade boys. However, he doesn’t make that many literary allusions. Honestly, after Enjolras’s monster of a booklist, this was a bit of a relief. Thanks, Courf, you’re a real one.
At one point, Courfeyrac tells Marius he should read less books and talk to more ladies, and he absolutely follows his own advice. He demonstrably prefers plays and other social activities to reading, but he does canonically have a bookshelf! Courfeyrac is literally the only member of Les Amis whose bookshelf is described on the page, even though Victor Hugo doesn’t say the names of any books on it, smh. We’ll get into that later.
TLDR: Courfeyrac loves gossip! He doesn’t seem to read for fun, he seeks out mostly political and biographical non-fiction. He loves to have juicy fun facts and witty critiques ready to go for when he's hanging out with his boys. When he does reference something that's fiction, it’s always a play. He'd rather go out on the town than sit at home reading a book. Love that for him.
Confessions by Jean-Jacques Rousseau (English)
“Courfeyrac took his arm. ‘Take note. This is Rue Platreire, now called Rue Jean-Jacques-Rousseau, on account of an unusual couple that lived here sixty years ago. They were Jean-Jacques and Therese. From time to time there were little ones born here. Therese brought them into the world, Jean-Jacques brought them to the foundling hospital.’” (Les Mis 3.4.3)
Courfeyrac is one of the only members of Les Amis that doesn’t get a signature literary reference during his introduction. The first allusion he makes is actually a few scenes later, when he’s out walking with Marius and Enjolras and he decides to share some juicy gossip about Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Enjolras’s bias) with Marius, which pisses off Enjolras. It’s extremely messy and extremely funny. I love this scene.
The record of Jean-Jacques Rousseau abandoning all five of his children actually comes from Rousseau’s own autobiography. Honestly, the whole autobiography reads a lot like a Youtube apology video, idk how else to describe it. I really love this essay (link) by Paul De Man called “Excuses” that utterly rips into one particular passage in this autobiography as an example of how the whole thing is just full of performative guilt. For the record, it’s not even calling out the part about Rousseau abandoning his children, it’s laying into a totally different passage where Rousseau is confessing to a totally different problematic thing he did as a child. It’s truly a Youtube apology video through and through, and Enjolras is absolutely in the comments defending him.
Fun fact, the book is also the real origin of the phrase “let them eat cake.” Rousseau attributed the quote to some unspecified French princess but then, because Marie Antoinette was growing more and more unpopular at the time the book was published, it erroneously got credited to her. And now that’s how we all remember it. Fascinating! All this to say, this is a great first example of the kind of trendy stuff and messy gossip that Courfeyrac loves. He’s a social guy with a good sense of drama.
The French Charter of 1814 (English)
“The 1814 Charter was coming under criticism. Combeferre was weakly defending it, Courfeyrac was energetically attacking it. On the table was an offending copy of the famous Touqet Charter. Courfeyrac had seized it and was waving it, accompanying his arguments with the rustling of this sheet of paper.” (Les Mis 3.4.4)“‘No granting to the people by royal favour. In all such grants there is an Article 14. Alongside the hand that gives is the claw that takes back.’” (Les Mis 3.4.4)
The 1814 Charter was the basis for constitutional monarchy in France. Courfeyrac hates this thing, but he’s clearly read it so it makes the list! There’s not too much to say about it. Article 14 is specifically the part that gave the king executive power, and Courfeyrac calls it out in particular as evidence that the 1814 Charter is a bad deal for the people of France. This is incredibly prescient, because just a couple years later King Charles X would use Article 14 as his justification for suspending the liberty of the press and several other ordinances that resulted in the July Revolution of 1830. Then, at the end of his scathing review, Courfeyrac dramatically throws a copy into the fire for the vibes and everyone claps watches it burn.
The Age of Louis XIV by Voltaire (English)
“‘A king is a parasite. Kings don’t come free. Listen to this: the cost of kings. When Francois I died, France’s national debt was thirty thousand francs a year. By the time Louis XIV died, it was two thousand six hundred million at twenty-eight francs to the marc, which was equivalent in 1760, by Desmaret’s reckoning, to four thousand five hundred million, which today would be twelve thousand million.’” (Les Mis 3.4.4)
During his rant about the French Charter of 1814, Courfeyrac also makes some very specific claims about the national debt accrued by Louis XIV during his reign and the building of Versailles. This is apparently based on the figures found in Voltaire’s biography of Louis XIV, chapter 30. I love that Courfeyrac read this entire novel just to have receipts on Louis XIV, literally.
There’s actually an interesting podcast I listened to recently that also talks about Versailles and the economic impact of Louis XIV’s reign (Behind the Bastards, link, link). For the record, I fully believe that Courfeyrac would love podcasts. In my modern au, Courfeyrac would absolutely be the type of friend who’s always recommending you some new political podcast he’s found.
The French Civil Code of 1804 (English)
Penal Code of 1810 (English)
“While all this was going on [Marius] qualified as a lawyer. He was supposedly living in Courfeyrac’s room, which was respectable and where a certain number of law books, propped up and augmented by a few odd volumes of novels, represented the library required by the regulations.” (Les Mis 3.5.1)
Courfeyrac's bookshelf! So first things first, Victor Hugo is pissing me off telling me that Courfeyrac has a bookshelf but not telling me which “odd volumes of novels” are on it. He can tell me every excruciating detail about the Parisian sewer system but he can’t tell me what Courfeyrac’s favorite books are?? Sigh, whatever, I’ll just imagine the books on his shelf are the rest of the books on this booklist, I guess. Anyway, let’s talk about those law books.
We’re not told a lot of specifics about the “certain number of law books” on Courfeyrac’s shelf, but we can make a few educated guesses: 1, There are plural books. 2, There are not many of them. The books are propped up so they don't fill a shelf. 3, The books fulfilled the requirements to practice as a lawyer in Paris around the year 1831. And 4, Marius is not actually using these books to practice law. The books are just there to look aesthetically like a lawyer might read them while Marius is actually across town working his translation job that Courfeyrac also got him. Courfeyrac is such a good friend. So basically, for the several books in Courfeyrac’s fake law library, I’m looking for the absolute bare minimum: The Napoleonic Codes.
A bit of backstory. Before the French Revolution, the justice system in France was… bad. The law wasn’t consistent or properly written down and the legal process could be pretty inhumane. The revolutionary government knew it desperately needed an overhaul so in 1791 they created France’s very first written criminal code (link). Under the new code, you could only be accused of a written law, your trial had to be timely, you had the right to a lawyer, and several things that were previously considered crimes were no longer criminal, like homosexuality. Fun fact, France was actually the first European country to decriminalize homosexuality, due in large part to the changes pushed through by one cool guy: Louis-Michel le Peletier. He also advocated for women’s education and was one of the deciding votes to kill King Louis XVI, so of course he’s a villain you have to kill in Assassin’s Creed Unity. Don’t even get me started on that game smh, it consistently has the worst takes. Justice for the girls, the gays, and Louis-Michel.
Anyway, when Napoleon came back to power a few years after the Revolution, he commissioned a civil code, which would become the first of five codes known as the Napoleonic Codes: the Civil Code of 1804, the Code of Civil Procedure of 1806, the Commercial Code of 1807, the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1808, and the Penal Code of 1810. I’m not a law historian, but you can check out this webinar from the Library of Congress if you want more context (link).
Marius would have been going to law school during this era when the Napoleonic Codes were still relatively new and the curriculum apparently was mostly focused on covering the texts of the codes using rote memorization. This so-called Napoleonic method of teaching law, having students memorize the relevant codes instead of taking legal history or philosophy, would be criticized as early as 1819 but not changed until 1838 (link). And we even know one of his teachers, Hyacinthe Blondeau, aka the professor who almost marks Marius absent, was a real law professor at the Faculté de droit de Paris, teaching Roman Law. So, between the Napoleonic education with no focus on social context and Courfeyrac’s shelf including the bare minimum books required to constitute a library… I feel like I have a solid argument for just including the codes here and moving on with my life. The Civil Code is the biggest and most important text, so it definitely deserves a place on Courfeyrac’s shelf. And I threw in the Penal Code as well because whenever you’re looking for primary sources on how people felt about the Penal Code at the time, you almost invariably end up getting linked to Les Mis (see: the story of Jean Valjean’s entire life). The other codes are more specific, so even though they might be on the shelf I’m going to pull a Marius here and include only the absolute minimum.
So, uh, in conclusion… did Courfeyrac even read these books?? Who knows. But he does own them and they sit on a bookshelf in his apartment, so that’s good enough for me.
…I couldn’t find Audry de Puyraveau’s speech
“Over dessert [Marius] said to Courfeyrac. ‘Have you read the paper? What a fine speech Audry de Puyraveau gave!’” (Les Mis 3.6.6)
This is a reference that Marius makes to Courfeyrac after he makes eye contact with Cossette in the garden and starts a two-day manic episode where he talks really fast, spends a bunch of money, eats a surprising amount of food, and impulsively hugs a lot of people. Okay let’s be real, there’s no way that Victor Hugo, living in exile from France and with no internet, was accurately referencing one specific newspaper article about a speech that Audry de Puyraveau gave nearly 30 years prior in early July of 1831. I knew there was no way I’d ever find this specific speech in some particular paper... But I searched anyway. I really wanted to see if Marius was embarrassing himself with a bad take again, but I guess I’ll never know because I couldn’t find the speech. I honestly should have just cut this one from Courfeyrac’s list altogether since I couldn’t find it, it’s not really a book, and there’s no real proof Courfeyrac even read it — I’m just assuming he wouldn’t leave his bro hanging since Marius brought it up. But I had spent too much time researching and the sunk cost kicked in, so here you go.
For context, Audry de Puyraveau was a major figure in the July Revolution of 1830 and one of the people who put Louis-Phillipe on the throne as part of the Paris Municipal Commission (which he served on as a Constitutional Republican). Puyraveau was re-elected to a public office a year later, in July of 1831, which is exactly the right time frame for this Les Mis quote so I thought for sure I’d be able to find some kind of political speech relating to the elections… but no dice. I actually couldn’t find a transcript of any speech from this man’s entire life anywhere. I found a fair number of articles (and some art) about him and his role in the July Revolution, which were actually really funny because everyone on the left thinks he’s way too conservative for pussying out of the July Revolution by putting a king in charge again. And everyone on the right thinks he’s way too liberal for helping to instigate the July Revolution and suggesting that there should be any sort of elective government. So you get these wildly conflicting accounts of this guy who’s honestly just center left. Kind of a perfect guy for Marius to look up to. Like if a modern Marius was super obsessed with Joe Biden.
The best lead I found was in this book from 1844, The History of Ten Years 1830-1840, that says, on page 514, that Puyraveau is one of the people who gave a speech in opposition to hereditary peerage in 1831 (link). But the speech is from September, so it can’t be the one Marius is talking about. I also found another book from 1850, The History of Secret Societies and of the Republican Party of France From 1830 to 1848, that calls the man thoroughly mediocre, which I think is hysterical considering how excited Marius is about him (link).
Anyway, in conclusion, I do not know if this speech was as fine as Marius said or if Courfeyrac liked it. Oh well.
L’Auberge des Adrets by Benjamin Antier, Saint-Amand and Paulyanthe (English, French)
“They went to Porte-St-Martin to see Frédérick in L’Auberge des Adrets. Marius enjoyed himself enormously.” (Les Mis 3.6.6)
Frédérick Lemaître was an actor who made a name for himself while appearing in several plays in the early 1800’s (including Victor Hugo’s Ruy Blas in 1838). The play in question here, L’Auberge des Adrets, was one of his first break-out roles as the character Robert Macaire. As the story goes, apparently the play was supposed to be a serious melodrama, but Frédérick and his other leading co-star decided to play their characters as comic figures instead. This idea of making a criminal into a silly character was pretty scandalous at the time and ended up being massively popular. It inspired a bunch of spin-offs and an eventual sequel, but that all came later.
Anyway, I have no idea what Courfeyrac thought of this play, Victor Hugo doesn’t tell us. He invited Marius to brunch after this and seemed amused, so signs point to him having at least a decent time. It’s also exactly the kind of new, daring, sort of scandalous thing that would usually appeal to Courfeyrac.
Héraclius by Pierre Corneille (English, French)
“Anyone entering the restaurant room would read the following line chalked on the door by Courfeyrac: ‘Enjoy if you can and eat if you dare.’” (Les Mis 4.12.1)
This quote that Courfeyrac has written on the door of the Corinthe is an allusion to Corneille’s historical tragedy Héraclius (act 4, sc iv). Corneille is one of the big four classic French authors, and we are told Jean Prouvaire also loves him. This play is considered one of Corneille’s masterpieces, though it’s not one of his most well-known or most-performed plays. Reportedly, it’s known as one of his most complex works (link), and deals largely with themes of identity and uncertainty. Basically, before the events of the play, the royal governess Léontine switched the emperor’s son Heraclius with Phocas’s son Martian, and has kept the secret of their true identities such a secret throughout the play that even they doubt who they really are. In act 4, she dares Phocas to pick which one of the two he thinks is his son by saying “Devine, si tu peux, et choisis, si tu l'oses.” or, in English: “Guess if you can, and choose if you dare.”So, basically, Courfeyrac is riffing off of this quote to jokingly emphasize the weighty choice you must make to dare eating at this bar. I think you can get the joke pretty readily without knowing the plot of Héraclius, but it does add a certain amount of wit and gravitas to the silly graffiti. Characteristically, it’s also a play and not a book. Courfeyrac likes things that are cerebral and relatively niche, but he still prefers going to the theater to reading!
...And that's it! Again, I’m not an expert on French history or literature, so it's definitely possible there are references I missed. If you notice one, please let me know. In the meantime, thanks for reading!!
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