Alzahen, book of optic revised version of scientific method for application inf field observations and built of new knowledge. With the improvement of scientific skepticism and emphasis on falsification of new knowledge, Aristotelian work of science become more suspicious for new minds.
Biruni, mathematical perfection created a new form of validify of new knowledge. Biruni believed that the empirical data must work within the general concept of mathematics which is built on not only empirical data but also concrete data. This terrifying nature of mathematics makes it best toolkit for validify physical knowledge. Biruni used it and he liked it.
The Dr. Sina, created a debate on creation of new scientific knowledge. He introduced a borderline criterion for distinction of knowledge. According to creation process knowledge divided into two; scientific and contextual. He strongly suggests that a method of experimentation as means of scientific inquiry.
Grosseteste, nothing important he just translates some text and understood Aristotelian view of scientific reasoning. He is just a scholastic thinker, but he influences the BACON!
Roger the Bacon, the man who introduced Alzahenâs view of experimentation as a new idea; observed, hypothesis where this word introduced by him and experimentation. After one completed scientific process he needs verification of knowledge. This caused a false move by western thinker to focus on verification. However, he also introduced causes of experimental error and treats to experimental validity.
Renaissance era was full of shit, unfortunately⌠in medicine and human sciences they make experimental methods as a jigsaw puzzle where they are trying to find best method without thinking about validity of it. In medicine this shit goes yield. However, thanks to god, Galileo at the end of that era, appearsâŚ
Francis bacon who is not THE bacon, starts to use inductive methodology for validate experimental results and scientific knowledge. According Bacon, a new resulting scientific knowledge must be fit to prior field laws and theories. If one can fit with them and verified by empirical data, then it can be accepted inside its borders. This is the place where this guy shows scientific knowledge works within probabilities. However, the guy did not know what probability as word, actually isâŚ
The guy named as Descartes who is the most rationalist guy ever made by god, finds out humankind can rely only their minds since it helped them to establish all that civilization and shit, so scientific knowledge must be divided into two different aspects which are connected with the mind itself of course. According to Descartes, one can necessarily produce knowledge from the nature where there are no knowledge hidden in itself. To keep it simple, the says that there is no such thing as a force or acceleration, we just look to nature and trying to create system which can help us to predict its mechanism which help humanity to marry with the mother nature as a husband himself. So, my guy Descartes plays this thing, if there is no nature and we just label natures motions, then all the knowledge that we produce just an human enterprise itself. This is the first-place science labeled as human enterprise.
A guy who named as Galilei by his uncle starts to do something different. He used experiments as a tool rather than scientific method itself. In his vision all kind of things that we do to produce scientific knowledge which he later defines as small parts of knowledge of truths, must be placed inside the scientific method. experiment cannot be accepted as a scientific method itself, everything from deduction, observation, hypothesis, interpretation of results are the steps of scientific knowledge. Therefore, experiment is just a step, however the results of experiment is very critical issue. If I change them to show something that are not in the universe itself, then the truth will be bend with all paths which re-directs upcoming scientific studies to wrong paths. Well, fellas, this is the place you heard of pseudoscience first.
After all that philosophical gag, the son of universe stops all that questions just using Alzahenâs way of verification, which is pure mathematics. Newton is a kind of guy who ask you money and give it to you back just a day after. Solid, planned and smart hell of a guy who made Descartes and Baconâs named remembered through the history. He says that both metaphysical and empirical data is important. Human kind achieve the knowledge with reasoning, however pure reasoning cannot be trusted since it developed falsely directed knowledges which today we know as a misconception. Newton states that there are rules of reasoning which one must obey when he/she exacerbate la mĂŠthode scientifique. He states four rules and adds no man can explain all the nature, we, humankind can only exist within observed phenomenonâs. What a guy.
Well rest is inductive and deductive discussion since, newton fucked up with not stating deduction of knowledge is important to verify it. So, discussion goes and goes until a guy named as Ărsted, a Danish physicist. Ărsted could be appear as an unimportant guy, however be careful, this guy trained by Kant, so think again. He writes down a book where the first chapter labeled as introduction to nature of general physics, he exemplified hypothesis, observation, deduction and experiment.
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