Chemical Elementary School

Consider the following:

1) No known species of reindeer can fly. But there are 300,000 species of living organisms yet to be classified, and while most of these are insects and germs, this does not COMPLETELY rule out flying reindeer which only Santa has ever seen.

2) There are 2 billion children (persons under 18) in the world. BUT since Santa doesn’t (appear) to handle the Muslim, Hindu, Jewish and Buddhist children, that reduces the workload to 15% of the total - 378 million according to Population Reference Bureau. At an average (census) rate of 3.5 children per household, that’s 91.8 million homes. One presumes there’s at least one good child in each.

3) Santa has 31 hours of Christmas to work with, thanks to the different time zones and the rotation of the earth, assuming he travels east to west (which seems logical).

This works out to 822.6 visits per second. This is to say that for each Christian household with good children, Santa has 1/1000th of a second to park, hop out of the sleigh, jump down the chimney, fill the stockings, distribute the remaining presents under the tree, eat whatever snacks have been left, get back up the chimney, get back into the sleigh and move on to the next house.

Assuming that each of these 91.8 million stops are evenly distributed around the earth (which, of course, we know to be false but for the purposes of our calculations we will accept), we are now talking about .78 miles per household, a total trip of 75-½ million miles, not counting stops to do what most of us must do at least once every 31 hours, plus feeding and etc.

This means that Santa’s sleigh is moving at 650 miles per second, 3,000 times the speed of sound. For purposes of comparison, the fastest man- made vehicle on earth, the Ulysses space probe, moves at a poky 27.4 miles per second - a conventional reindeer can run, tops, 15 miles per hour.

4) The payload on the sleigh adds another interesting element. Assuming that each child gets nothing more than a medium-sized lego set (2 pounds), the sleigh is carrying 321,300 tons, not counting Santa, who is invariably described as overweight.

On land, conventional reindeer can pull no more than 300 pounds. Even granting that ‘flying reindeer’ (see point #1) could pull TEN TIMES the normal amount, we cannot do the job with eight, or even nine.

We need 214,200 reindeer. This increases the payload - not even counting the weight of the sleigh - to 353,430 tons. Again, for comparison - this is four times the weight of the Queen Elizabeth.

5) 353,000 tons traveling at 650 miles per second creates enormous air resistance - this will heat the reindeer up in the same fashion as spacecraft re-entering the earth’s atmosphere. The lead pair of reindeer will absorb 14.3 QUINTILLION joules of energy. Per second. Each.

In short, they will burst into flame almost instantaneously, exposing the reindeer behind them, and create deafening sonic booms in their wake. The entire reindeer team will be vaporized within 4.26 thousandths of a second.

Santa, meanwhile, will be subjected to centrifugal forces 17,500.06 times greater than gravity. A 250-pound Santa (which seems ludicrously slim) would be pinned to the back of his sleigh by 4,315,015 pounds of force.> In conclusion - If Santa ever DID deliver presents on Christmas Eve, he’s dead now.

🎄🎄Christmas tree chemistry! 🎄🎄

Chemical Turbulence : Belousov Zhabotinsky reaction

Typically one thinks about chemical reactions as walking down a straight path from home to destination.

A + B —-> C ( A reacts with B to give C). 

But this necessarily need not be true:

In a class of reactions known as Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, or BZ reaction. the reactions undergo a chaotic oscillating behavior for a substantial amount of time before they end up at the final product C .

Oxidation waves

It was observed in 1970 by Zaikin and Zhabotinsky that by using a thin layer of unstirred solution with the ferroin-catalyzed BZ reaction one could observe periodic propagation of concentric chemical waves from point sources.

The Belousov-Zhabotinsky oscillator reaction is known for the striking oxidation waves that it produces.

In the above animation you can see symmetrical circular wave fronts being generated, but when the concentration parameters are tweaked it is possible to observe spiral waves as well.

And when one propagating wave meets another, they mutually annihilate each other.

One important note concerning this reaction is that this chaotic oscillating behavior that one observes does not last forever and dies out eventually.       

                                     Source Video by nater06      

Another reaction that is analogous to the BZ reaction is the Briggs–Rauscher reaction (see below)

Simulating the BZ reaction

Some of the  essential features of this reaction can be captured in a simple reaction model involving three chemical substrate.

The simulations are able to go so far as to predict the spirals and waves that one observes during the reaction.

But the complete model for this nonlinear chemical oscillator is not entirely known and still remains a mystery..

References:

[1] The Belousov-Zhabotinsky Oscillator: An overview

[2] Ways in which the BZ reaction is studied

[3] Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction on Scholarpedia