A vendor peddling wax prints in Lome, Togo
National Geographic | June 1994
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A vendor peddling wax prints in Lome, Togo
National Geographic | June 1994

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Patrice Lumumba: The Voice of Congo’s Independence
Patrice Lumumba, the first prime minister of the independent nation, the Republic of Congo, was born July 2, 1925, in Onalua in Kasai province of the Belgian Congo. With just primary education, Lumumba emerged to become one of Africa’s most vocal critics of colonialism. Early in life, he developed an interest in grassroots union activities and joined the Postal Union. As secretary-general of the union, Lumumba began publishing essays critical of Belgian colonial rule and advocating independence and a unified centralized Congo. His writings appealed beyond ethnic and regional loyalties to a national constituency.
In 1955, Lumumba became regional leader of the Circle of Stanleyville and joined the Belgian Liberal Party. In 1956, he was arrested and charged with embezzling union funds and sentenced to two years imprisonment. Released after twelve months, Lumumba became sales director of a brewery in Leopoldville. To solidify his political base, in 1957 Lumumba helped found a broad-based organization that appealed beyond ethnic and regional loyalties—Movement National Congolais (MNC). The following year, he represented the MNC at the Pan-African Conference in Accra, Ghana.
His relentless attacks on Belgian rule soon fractured the MNC, resulting in a leadership split in July 1959. Undaunted, Lumumba insisted on the complete dismantling of Belgian rule. In October 1959, he was arrested for allegedly inciting anti-colonial riots and sentenced to six months. Shortly thereafter, the Belgian government summoned a conference in Brussels to discuss the future of the Congo. Confronted by MNC’s threat of boycott, the government released Lumumba. In Brussels, Lumumba boldly condemned Belgian rule and advocated immediate independence. Convinced of the imminence of Congolese freedom, Belgium set aside June 30, 1960, as Independence Day.
The Movement National Congolais won the majority in the general election held in May 1960, and Lumumba became prime minister of the Congo, with his political rival Joseph Kasavubu as president. Lumumba’s scathing denunciation of colonialism ruffled feathers not only in Belgium but also in the United States and Great Britain. Unfortunately, his tenure was brief and marred by crises. It began with the army revolt and secession in Katanga and Southern Kasai.
When the United Nations ignored his repeated appeals for intervention, Lumumba turned to the Soviet Union. This move only strengthened Western opposition to his regime. Using the crisis as an excuse, Kasavubu dismissed Lumumba as Prime Minister. Though reinstated by the National Assembly, Lumumba was subsequently overthrown by Col. Joseph (later Sese Seko) Mobutu and placed under house arrest. He made the fateful attempt to escape to Stanleyville where his supporters had gained control. He was apprehended by secessionist rebels and assassinated on January 18, 1961.
Lumumba became a martyr and symbol of Congolese and African freedom. He is remembered today as one of only a handful of African leaders truly dedicated to national unity and genuine independence. In February 2002, responding to a Belgian Commission’s Report that implicated Belgium in Lumumba’s death, the Belgian government acknowledged “moral responsibility” and officially apologized. Lumumba remains an inspiration to African politicians. Several of the major political parties in the 2006 presidential election in the Congo invoked Lumumba’s legacy.
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Patrice Lumumba: La voz de un Congo independiente
Patrice Lumumba, el primer Primer Ministro (PM) de la nación independiente, la República del Congo, nació el 2 de julio de 1925 en Onalua, en la provincia de Kasai del Congo Belga. A pesar de contar solo con educación primaria, Lumumba se convirtió en uno de los críticos más firmes del colonialismo en África. Desde muy joven, se interesó por las actividades sindicales de base y se unió al Sindicato de Correos. Como secretario general del sindicato, Lumumba comenzó a publicar ensayos en los que criticaba el dominio colonial Belga y abogaba por la independencia, por un Congo unificado y centralizado. Sus escritos traspasaron las lealtades étnicas y regionales para llegar a un público nacional.
En 1955, Lumumba se convirtió en líder regional del Círculo de Stanleyville y se unió al Partido Liberal Belga. En 1956, fue arrestado y acusado de malversación de fondos sindicales, y condenado a dos años de prisión. Tras ser liberado al cabo de doce meses, Lumumba se convirtió en director de ventas de una cervecería en Leopoldville. Para consolidar su base política, en 1957 Lumumba ayudó a fundar una organización de amplia base que traspasaba las lealtades étnicas y regionales: el Movimiento Nacional Congoleño (MNC). Al año siguiente, representó al MNC en la Conferencia Panafricana celebrada en Accra, Ghana.
Sus implacables ataques contra el dominio Belga pronto provocaron una fractura en el MNC, lo que derivó en una división de el liderazgo en julio de 1959.
Sin dejarse intimidar, Lumumba insistió en el desmantelamiento total del dominio Belga.
En octubre de 1959, fue arrestado por presuntamente incitar a disturbios anticoloniales y condenado a seis meses de prisión. Poco después, el gobierno Belga convocó una conferencia en Bruselas para discutir el futuro del Congo. Ante la amenaza de un boicot por parte del MNC, el gobierno liberó a Lumumba. En Bruselas, Lumumba condenó con valentía al dominio Belga y abogó por la independencia inmediata. Convencida de la inminencia de la libertad congoleña, Bélgica fijó el 30 de junio de 1960 como el Día de la Independencia.
El Movimiento Nacional Congoleño obtuvo la mayoría en las elecciones generales celebradas en mayo de 1960, y Lumumba se convirtió en Primer Ministro del Congo, con su rival político Joseph Kasavubu como presidente. La mordaz denuncia del colonialismo por parte de Lumumba causó malestar no solo en Bélgica, sino también en Estados Unidos y Gran Bretaña. Desafortunadamente, su mandato fue breve y estuvo marcado por las crisis. Comenzó con la revuelta del ejército y la segregación en Katanga y el sur de Kasai.
Cuando las Naciones Unidas ignoraron sus reiterados llamados para una intervención, Lumumba recurrió a la Unión Soviética. Esta medida no hizo más que reforzar la oposición occidental a su régimen. Aprovechando la crisis como pretexto, Kasavubu destituyó a Lumumba de su cargo de primer ministro. Aunque fue reinstaurado por la Asamblea Nacional, Lumumba fue posteriormente derrocado por el coronel Joseph (más tarde Sese Seko) Mobutu y puesto bajo arresto domiciliario. Realizó el fatídico intento de escapar a Stanleyville, donde sus partidarios habían tomado el control. Fue capturado por rebeldes secesionistas y asesinado el 18 de enero de 1961.
Lumumba se convirtió en un mártir y en un símbolo de la libertad congoleña y africana. Hoy se le recuerda como uno de los pocos líderes africanos verdaderamente comprometidos con la unidad nacional y la independencia genuina.
En febrero de 2002, en respuesta al informe de una comisión Belga que implicaba a Bélgica en la muerte de Lumumba, el gobierno belga reconoció su «responsabilidad moral» y se disculpó oficialmente. Lumumba sigue siendo una fuente de inspiración para los políticos africanos. Varios de los principales partidos políticos que participaron en las elecciones presidenciales de 2006 en el Congo invocaron el legado de Lumumba.
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Drain the pool, Andrés Gallardo Albajar
'The Rising Sun'. Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo. 1903-1904.

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The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York commissioned car makers to come up with a solution to the city’s congestion problem. The 1976 MoMA Taxi Project: Realistic Solutions for Today sought innovative solutions for the taxis of tomorrow. Volvo’s submission was by the Italian coachbuilder Coggiola. The asymmetric design featured a sliding door on one side and folding seats, allowing it to transport a wheelchair within a compact overall length.