Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research | BJSTR

Dental Arch Dimensions in a Matched Pairs Study of Hypodontia Patients and Controls in Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

Hypodontia is a common variation of tooth number in the population. In the permanent dentition approximately 25% of individuals have 1 or more congenitally missing third molars and some 3.5% to 7% of the population have hypodontia of other permanent teeth [1-6]. The condition is more frequent in females and approximately 90% of affected patients have less than 4 permanent teeth, other than third molars, congenitally absent. The condition can present challenges requiring careful long term treatment planning and care involving general practice, paediatric dentistry, orthodontics and restorative dentistry. Variations in tooth size and shape are well established in patients with congenitally missing teeth and may also occur in other components of the stomatognathic system [7-9]. As part of an international collaboration investigating the aetiology and clinical implications of hypodontia, this paper explores dental arch morphology in mild or moderate hypodontia. The dental arches and the dentition are two closely related components of the stomatognathic system, which develop in anatomical proximity over an extended time period from early in utero to early adulthood. The dental arches and the dentition are both complex systems, whose development is determined by multiple interactions between genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors [10-12]. Interactions continue as development progresses through cellular, soft tissue and mineralisation stages to the emergence of the mature phenotype [9].

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Analysis of Relationship between Recovery of Consciousness and Personal Safety after Painless Induced Abortion in Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

In clinical painless induced abortion, it is obligatory that patients who do not suffer any operative pain or special discomfort should regain consciousness completely within a short time after the operation, return to their preoperative state and leave the hospital safely. Intravenous anesthesia using propofol and sufentanil has been widely used in painless induced abortion [1]. It is characterized by precise anesthetic effect, quick onset and quick elimination without significant accumulation. Patients regain consciousness completely and have no memory of the operation. It can inhibit the vagus reflex and eliminate the induced abortion syndrome, has minimal affect on circulation and respiration and is relatively safe [2]. However, dosage is frequently excessive or insufficient. Excessive dosage will delay recovery and insufficient dosage will affect the operation [3]. At present there is still no domestic uniform standard for the retention and in-hospital observation time for patients following induced abortion. In this article we carried out a survey of patient recovery of consciousness following induced abortion to provide criteria for the safe discharge of patients with relationship to their state of wakefulness.

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Infection of Piglets with the Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome Virus (PRRSV): A Morphological Study in Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

The porcine respiratory and reproduction syndrome virus (PRRSV) forms small, enveloped particles (50-65 nm in diameter) harboring a relatively long (approximately 15 kb in size) single strand RNA genome [2]. The viral RNA (vRNA) is a positive-sense molecule with terminal cap at 5´-end and a poly-A repeat at 3´- end [3]. In the course of virus replication, the vRNA is copied as whole, when synthesized via a full length negative-strand RNA intermediate. The vRNA sequence begins with 2 (two) long open reading frames (called ORF1a and ORF1b), which together comprise about 75% of the total genome sequence [4]. This portion of the genome specifies 14 non-structural proteins (nsps) which are formed by cleavage of both translated polyproteins. Of special importance are, for example, two non-structural proteins (nsp9 and nsp12), which function as vRNA replicase, also termed RNAdependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) [5]. The rest of the genome encodes 7 structural proteins, out of which 5 are glycoproteins (designated GP2a/Gp2, GP2b/E, GP3, GP4 and GP5) along with the M (membrane) protein and the N nucleoprotein [6].

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The Baseline of the Patient’s Cohort Undergoing Bariatric Surgery in Chilein Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

Bariatric surgery (BC) is an effective treatment that results in the improvement and remission of many obesity-related comorbidities. Bariatric Cohort (BARCO), a Chilean BC cohort study, include patients from a public hospital, from January 2000 to May 2018. Objective: To provide basic description of the health status of a cohort of patients undergoing BC. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 625 adults who underwent BC by Roux-in-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and Sleeve gastrectomy (SG). The psychosocial, age at surgery, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, gastrointestinal clinical examination, clinical parameters, and lifestyle habits patient data were used by reviewing medical records. Results: The patients had a mean age of 39 years old and were predominantly female (85.9%). SG (85.2%) was the most used procedure, followed by RYGB (14.5%). The most prevalent comorbidities were Helicobacter pylori infection (57%), hypertension (37%), diabetes (23.6%) and insulin resistance (17.9%). Conclusion: BARCO is the largest cohort of the public health system patients operated of BC in Chile. Although there was a significant increase in bariatric procedures in Chile from 2000 to 2018, it is necessary to increase them even more to meet the high demands of the country. These longitudinal data can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the Chilean public policies related with the BC to treat the morbid obesity in Chile. Future and ongoing research will provide evidence on the long-term benefits and risks of these bariatric procedures in this cohort of patients.

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Dynamics of P Under Redox Conditions in Rice in Tropical Soils in Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

Rice is one of the main foods in the world, due to its nutritional content and because of the ease of handling and adaptation in different parts of the world, especially in tropical and subtropical conditions [1]. On the other hand, this crop is established under different types of management, depending on the genetic material to be managed, the type of tillage, agronomic management, fertilization plans and irrigation management [1]. Among the types of risks to be managed in rice cultivation, there is the condition of constant sheet or flooding, which has the advantage of properly managing weeds, avoiding stress in areas with high temperatures, reducing specific phytosanitary problems in each region; however, soil fertility is affected by the high and low availability of some nutrients [2,3]. Among the elements that are affected by its nutritional dynamics is Phosphorus (P), an element determined as a macronutrient and which is required to fulfill specific functions of the plant related to the production of energy (ATP) [4], in addition to the importance it has for the production of tropical agricultural systems [5].

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Wearable Self-Powered Sensors for Health Care, 5G, Energy Harvesting, and IOT Systems in Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

This article presents novel passive and active wearable sensors for biomedical systems, energy harvesting, Internet of Things (IoT), and 5G devices. The major important challenge in evaluation of healthcare, IoT, 5G and communication systems is development of active and passive wearable efficient sensors. Moreover, a lowcost wearable sensor may be evaluated by printing the microstrip antenna with the sensor feed network and active devices on the same substrate. Design considerations, comparison between computed and measured results of compact efficient sensors for wireless, 5G, energy harvesting, IoT, and medical systems are highlighted in this article. The novel antennas electrical parameters on and near the human body were evaluated by employing electromagnetic software. Efficient passive and active metamaterial antennas and sensors were developed to improve the system electrical performance. The compact passive and active sensors are wearable, efficient, flexible, and low-cost. The frequency range of the resonators, without Circular Split-Ring Resonators CSRRs, is higher by 4% to 10% than the resonators with CSRRs. The gain of the without CSRRs is lower by 2dB to 3dB than the resonators with CSRRs. The bandwidth of the new dual polarized antennas with CSRRs is around 20% to 50%, for VSWR better than 3:1. The gain of the new antenna with CSRRs is around 5.5dBi to 7dBi. Moreover, the new active efficient metamaterials antennas improve the communication system performance.

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Determination of Arsenic in Minor Cereals (Barley, Foxtail Millet, Proso-Millet, Finger- Millet, Pearl -Millet, Buckwheat, Oat, Quinoa and Sorghum) in Gazipur, Bangladesh in Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

Cereal grains are the most important source of the world’s total food and also the major accumulator of toxic arsenic. Arsenic distributes in the environment via contaminated ground water which is used as drinking water and irrigated in the crop field. Chronic arsenic toxicity can be lethal for liver, kidney, bladder, lung, skin. Skin hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis are common exposure related phenotypes. Therefore, it’s high time to produce ideal cereals that must contain a lower amount of arsenic and ensure safety for all kinds of lives. Ensuring safe food is one of the objectives of sustainable development goal-2 (SDG-2). With this view in mind, the Plant Breeding Division of BARI currently working with nine minor kinds of cereal included Barley, Foxtail millet, Proso-millet, Finger-millet, Pearl-millet, Buckwheat, Oat, Quinoa, and BARI-Sorghum 1 were undertaken for biochemical analysis of arsenic on their leaves. The biochemical analysis of these nine kinds of minor cereals showed negligible amount of arsenic on leaves. Further analysis in other location in Bangladesh might bring the overall picture of arsenic uptake in minor cereals.

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Frequency of Positive PPD Test After Inoculation of BCG Vaccine in 4-Month-Old Infants to 5-Year-Old Children in Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

Tuberculosis is an important cause of child mortality in developing countries. BCG vaccination of newborns has been shown to reduce the incidence and mortality of children with TB. Protection against TB by BG vaccination has been observed shortly after birth in Canadian Indians (80%) and Chicago (75%) [1]. Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) is a live bacterium of Mycobacterium bovis that was first used by Calmette and Green to immunize against tuberculosis and mycobacterial infections. The wax was first used for the general population in 1921 for tuberculosis. Since then, various vaccines against tuberculosis have been developed and various models of this vaccine have been developed to enhance the effectiveness of this vaccine [2,3]. The BCG vaccine is the most commonly prescribed vaccine worldwide. The vaccine has been administered to approximately 3 billion people worldwide to date and is one of the major vaccines in immunizing newborns [4]. Virtually, such as mycobacterial infections, this vaccine provides some degree of immunity against tuberculosis and, in some cases, mycobacterial infections [2]. History of natural infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and previous infection with nontuberculosis mycobacteria provide immunity against tuberculosis [5,6]. Previous infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been shown to increase immunity against recurrent infections in healthy individuals and in HIV-infected individuals, as well as in immunocompromised individuals who are susceptible to infection with other types of tuberculosis [7-11].

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RP-HPLC Method Development and Validation for Estimation of Naftidrofuryl Oxalate Using Box- Behnken Design in Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

A simple, rapid, precise, sensitive, economical, robust and QbD based RP -HPLC method has been developed for Naftidrofuryl oxalate and validated as per ICH guidelines. The response surface methodology employed with a 3-factor, 3- level Box-Behnken statistical design and used to facilitate method development and optimization. The response surface methodology and multiple response optimizations utilizing a polynomial equation were used to select suitable mobile phase combination. The independent variables studied were the Organic phase (X1), Aqueous phase(X2) and (X3) and the responses was Retention time (Y1), Resolution (Y2) and Tailing factor (Y3). Chromatographic separation was achieved on Zodiac C18 column (100mm×4.6, 3μm),using optimized mobile phase Acetonitrile and pH-7 Tetrabutyl-ammonium buffer solution (90:10), at 282nm.

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Natural Compounds and Depressive Disorder: A Review Highlighting Botanical Sources and Reaction Mechanisms in Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

Depressive disorder is a typical mental illness characterized by depressed mood and anhedonia, with a great burden to patients and society. Currently, only a small minority of medicines are efficient in the clinic with high prices and various adverse reactions, including sleep disorders and gastrointestinal reactions. To develop new antidepressants, pharmacists have gradually turned their attention to phytochemicals, especially those from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Natural products could be good candidates for developing effective drugs and valid therapeutic strategies. In this article, we reviewed more than 20 natural compounds from TCMs with protective action against the depressive disorder, and their reaction mechanisms were reviewed from four aspects: reversing neurotransmitter imbalance, maintaining neuroendocrine homeostasis, alleviating synaptic plasticity dysfunction, and inhibiting neuroinflammation.

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Protection and Utilization of Medicinal Biological Resources to Address Cross-Border Risk Challenges in Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

Biological resources are the basis for human survival and development and have a direct bearing on our wellbeing. Humans must respect nature and follow its ways. Medicinal biological resources are important strategic biological resources, especially at the risk of loss and abuse. The cross-border trade based on economic interests has led to the over exploitation and abuse of biological species resources. A new pattern of biological resources conservation has largely taken shape, with improvements to the legal system, supervision mechanisms and governing capacity for eco-conservation, marking the beginning of a new era for biological resources conservation and utilization.

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RNAi and CRISPR: Promising Tool for Gene Silencing in Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

Functional genomics is the study of gene function and interaction with other proteins that contribute to different metabolic pathways. The most commonly used approach for identifying gene function is to reduce or completely disrupt its normal expression pattern. Gene knock-down and gene knock-out are two reverse genetic approaches that are widely used for discovering gene function. RNAi-mediated gene silencing has been used as a magic bullet over a decade to disrupt gene expression in many organisms. However, new genome editing tools—especially CRISPR-based technologies—has become major breakthrough against RNAi dominance in reverse genetics studies. RNAi results in temporary silencing of gene expression (knock-down) but CRISPR/Cas system results in permanent gene silencing (knock-out). Both of this loss of function technology has their own advantages and limitations. The goal of a biological experiment is the crucial determining factor for choosing the right tool. The whole article compares the mechanism, advantage and disadvantages of these two technologies.

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Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia Caused by De Novo Mutation in PAFAH1B1 (LIS1) Gene in Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

The advance of gene sequencing techniques has made it possible to determine the genetic origin of an increasing number of central nervous system malformations which previously did not have a defined etiology. Pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH) is a robust example of great variability of phenotypes associated with a specific group of malformations, characterized by atrophic changes of the cerebellar vermis and hemispheres, the ventral portion of the pons and inferior olivary nucleus, often associated with defects in cortical development and derived from mutations in a wide range of genes. To date, at least thirteen subtypes of pontocerebellar hypoplasia with distinct genotypes and phenotypes have been described, but none of them were caused by variants on plateletactivating factor acetylhydrolase IB subunit alpha gene (PAFAH1B1), related to lissencephaly [1].

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Outcome of Fetoscopic Laser Coagulation in 61 Pregnancies with Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome in Viet Nam in Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

Given the increasing implementation of assisted reproductive technologies in the reproductive medicine, the incidence of twin pregnancies has been continuing to rise [1]. Thirty percent of twin gestations have monochorionic placentas which are susceptible to complications because of their unique placental architecture [2,3]. Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is one of the most severe complications of monochorionic twin pregnancies, accounting for 15% of twin pregnancies [3,4]. When transfusion syndrome occurs, the two fetuses share different portions of the same placenta and connect with each other through placental superficial vascular anastomoses [2], leading to the poor prognosis for both two pregnancies. Approximately 90% of twins acquired TTTS result in intrauterine demise of one or both fetus or perinatal death without any intervention [5]. About 50% of surviving twins are likely to leave irreversible neurological sequelae such as brain white matter necrosis, ventricular hemorrhage, cerebral dilation, cerebral palsy, neurocognitive impairment, etc [6-8]. The donor twin experiences the reduction of circulatory volume, anemia, decreased diuresis, oligohydramnios, hypotrophy. Meanwhile the recipient twin is characterized by circulatory hypervolemia, cardiomegaly, heart failure, fetal edema. Consequently, twins are at high risk of intrauterine demise or irreversible nerve damage after birth.

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Evaluation of an Active Butanol Fraction Effects of Blighia Unijugata (Sapindaceae) Leaves on Some Biochemical Blood Parameters in Male Wistar Rats in Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

The active butanolic fraction of Blighia unijugata (BFBu) was prepared by successive liquid-liquid extractions of the total ethanolic extract of this plant with water, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. Male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) of Wistar strain were assigned into four groups of six animals each including a control group receiving distilled water and three test groups receiving BFBu at 50; 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw for 28 days respectively. The substances were administered orally, once a day. Blood samples were taken on days 7; 14; 21 and 28 of treatment by puncture at the level of the orbital sinus of the eye of rats previously anesthetized with ether for the determination of biochemical parameters using an automatic analyzer (KENZA MAX Biochemis Try, France).

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Comparing In-Lab Full Polysomnography for Diagnosing Sleep Apnea in Children to Home Sleep Apnea Tests (HSAT) with an Attending, Online Video Technician in Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in children is a recognized childhood health disorder with an estimated prevalence ranging from 1% to 5% [1,2]. The clinical manifestations usually include snoring, disrupted sleep, restlessness, sweating and salivation during sleep, and excessive daytime sleepiness or hyperactivity and irritation [3,4]. OSA in children is characterized by irregular, partial, or complete obstruction of the upper airways during sleep, with the disruption of normal ventilation and sleep patterns caused usually by hypertrophy of the adenoids and tonsils. Risk factors include obesity, neuromuscular disease, Down syndrome, and micrognathia [3,5].

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A Rare Case of Ventricular Rupture and Aortic Endocarditis Due to SARS-COV-2 Treated By 2 Step Cardiac Surgery in Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research

We describe an alternative procedure to treat the patient underwent aortic valve replacement with lesion of the right ventricle caused by tenacious mediastinalepicardial adhesions COVID-19 related. This alternative procedure is performed in two steps. In the first step is useful only to repair the right ventricle and in the second step, after 10 days, to proceed with aortic valve replacement/repair. This is important to avoid clamping the aorta which can cause ischemia of the repaired tissue, long CEC times with additional risk for the patient and to allow the stabilization of the patient in intensive care.

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