Selective Mutism (SM) is a situational anxiety disorder. Those with SM speak fluently in some situations but remain consistently unable to speak in others. Outside of speech, all forms of communication may be inhibited, such as writing, body language, gestures, and facial expressions in some people.
Good Links: DSM, NHS, iSpeak, SMIRA
SM is not very well known, therefore there are many misconceptions about it.
1 - Selective Mutism is NOT a choice.
People with SM are unable to speak in certain situations, or with certain people. They do not refuse to speak.
2 - People of ANY AGE can have selective mutism.
SM usually begins during early childhood, most commonly before the age of 5. Many people believe that it only affects children and that they will ‘grow out’ of it. This is not always true. It can still persist into adulthood, especially without treatment.
3 - Selective Mutism is NOT always due to trauma.
There is no evidence that people with SM are more or less likely to have experienced trauma or mistreatment than people without SM. As stated, SM is an anxiety disorder, not a trauma disorder. Although some people with SM may attribute it to trauma, this is not the case for the vast majority of people with SM.
4 - Selective Mutism is NOT a symptom of, or the same as, autism.
Selective Mutism is classed as an anxiety disorder and can be ‘recovered from’. Whilst autism is classed as a neurodevelopmental disorder, or neurodivergence, which someone will always have.
The two conditions are commonly comorbid. However an important distinction is that SM is mutism that is specifically caused by anxiety, not by autism (or by delayed speech or language impairment). In each case the mutism will have fundamentally different causes, and require different ways to treat and respond to each person. This is an important distinction, as misdiagnosing one as the other can be potentially harmful.
5 - People with Selective Mutism always have ‘lesser’ language abilities.
There is no correlation between SM and an individuals language development.