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Secure Shell (SSH )Encapsulating protocols at Network LayerIP in IP Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload)Encapsulating protocols at Transport Layer TLS and Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS)Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)QUIC TCP encapsulationSubtle points of using encapsulationPath MTU and fragmentationMigration of inner payload from one to another…

Low Layer Multihoming Layer 3 Network Layer multihomingLayer 4 Transport layer multihoming Higher Layer Multihoming techniquesBest Path Selection among multiple pathsFIFO or Round RobinWeights ( predetermined or dynamically allocated)Prioritization algorithmsMultiPath protocol designService discovery Unique Identifiers Path / Route and Network identifiers Header metadata Pre – Registration…

Public API endpoints Internal API gatewaysAPI Rate Limiter Token based Rate LimitingToken bucket filterHierarchical Token Bucket (HTB)Fair QueingCBQ (Class Based Queing)Modular QoS command-Line interface (MQC) ShapingThrottling VoIP manages Call setup and teardown using IP protocol. The APIs can be used to provide public or internal endpoinst to create mnage calls , conference addon services…

High availiability and Scalibility in VoIP platforms

Load Balancers MPLSService-discoveryKeepalive, unregistering unhealthy nodesReplicationData Store Replication Quick Response / Low latencyScalabilityautoscallingPartitioiningMultiple PoPs (point of presence)Minimal Latency and lowest amount of tarffic via public internetHigh availiability (HA) 5 9’s in aggregate failuresHA for Load balancer (LB)HA for Call Control app server Media Server…

Replication and Consensus Algorithm in Distributed Systems

Replication is an important step towards incraesing reliability and performnace . The replica servers are replicated state machines ( identical coppies of each other) which compute the same state .operate as deterministic, each computes the same state and the same sequence of outputs However replication often this leads to inconsistecy if the conflicting operatoions are not carried out in the…

Realtime Messaging Services Design

Functional Requirnments one to one / group chat support for multimedia – text / images / video / loccationRead receipt / Message status Last seen Push notifications Non Functional Requirnments No latency / lag HA ( high availibilty ) + Fault tolerent scalablity ( 2 billion users , 1.6 Monthly ative users ) traffic 64 billion msgs / day Administrative req – GDPR so on Design…

Blockchains are ledgers with tamper-proof history in which users can read and write. There are two types: permissioned blockchains Permits the party participation to only known and approved beforehand users Applicable when parties have common goals but do not fully trust each other; for example, two companiestrading an asset Example Hyperledger Fabric , distributed application platforms for…

Graph theory and Algorithms

Lets discuss Trees which represent structural relationship in data and are used to represent hierarchies . Tree node struct TreeNode { Object element ; TreeNode * firstChild ; TreeNode * nextSibling ; }; Tree height – (longest root-to-leaf path int height(Tree root) { if (root == null) return 0; else { return 1 + Math.max(height(root.left),height(root.right)); } } Complexity : intutively if…

Agorithms, Design and Analysis

This catagory discusses basics of asymptotic analysis, data structures, and graph search. As tech grows and computer are becomes faster with Moores’s Law and evvolution of quantum computing , it is even worth the time and effort to analyze algorithms since all problematic sizes will just be negligibly small and solvable on super fast computers. However on the contrary as Computers grow faster…

Java Script Design Patterns for Nodejs

As browsers became powerful and ECMA scripts beacme the popular choice , Javascript soon became the prefered language to spin up new projects quickly and without much complexity. There afre many answers to why Js became so populat like the one on https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/28947/how-did-javascript-become-popular or https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=8247149. Before…

Design Patterns in Java

Summary of popular Design pattern and Architectural design in Java projects. The exmaples are derived form a Java Soring project managing internation addresses. The link to the project is at the end of this article under references . IOC ( Inversion of Control )  The container injects the dependencies when it creates the bean Spring framework provides following 4 ways for controlling life…

Architetural Styles and Architetural Patterns

An architectural style is how the code is organized from a abstracted viewpoint while and architectural pattern is solution can be used to solve a reoccurring problem. A design pattern on the other hand is the accumulated best practices and idomatic code that proficient software professional use over the years of experience to write high performace and crisp code. This article describes commonly…

Photo by Pixabay on Pexels.com The book A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction book on architecture wherein the authors forma alanguage called as pattern language to better improve the urban design of neighbour or design a house office public building , school etc. however this idea of patterns and pattern language greatly influenced other engineering disciplenes including software…

A programmer should acquire good algorithms and idioms. Alan J. Perlis – SICP Foreword So what is an programming idiom . In my opinion it is a distinguishable pattern or a way of structuring code .  a programming idiom is a natural language expression of a simple task, algorithm, or data structure that is not a built-in feature in the programming language being used, or, conversely, the use of…

Network-based Architectural Style – REST

Client Server This simple hybrid design supports isolation of UI from backend concerns like data storagemultiple origanizable domains Advantages :   Portability of the user interface across multiple platformSimplified server compoenets improves server scalability Client-stateless-server (CSS) style Stateless communication between Cient and Server – each request from client to server must…

WebRTC for financial / banks communications

As digital transactions and open banks APIs like UPI have gained massive adoption , the backend communication system between these wallets managers, financial institutions and open banks providers has become critical to not only track fraudulent transactions but also provide dispute management and other KYC or document sharing processes  .

WebRTC on banking pages for secure encrypted financial…

Connected Self Driving Cars

Self driving tech includes Radar, Ultrasonic, Passive video, LIDAR (Light Detection and Radar) , IoT , sensors , advanced GPS so on . Machine learning models on Computer vision is disrupting automobile industry and likely to create a multi billion dollar market in near future..

To make the traffic and transportation infrastructure more robust, “connected cars” is an overlay technlogy which…