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Liabilities: current liabilities, and long-term liabilities.

Caroline Richardson

Rock and Roll Rock and roll is a genre of popular music that originated in the USA in the 1950’s. Rock and roll began when African slaves were being freed from slavery and they were being accepted as normal human beings, these people began migrating to the South of America to places such as Chicago, New York and Detroit. This began white and black people socialising with each other and began the era of Rock and Roll. This genre influenced the start of do wop music. Rock and roll music used a lot of Saxophone, Electric Guitar, Bass Guitar, Piano and vocal of its music. Rock and roll music have similar structures to today’s music apart from the chorus is played sometimes at the beginning as an intro such Chorus verse chorus verse middle 8 chorus. Lyric contents of songs were mainly on love songs but sometimes random items such as blue swade shoes. Venues were a lot smaller than today’s venues. Artists played in small halls or nightclubs and cinemas. Some venues around in the 1950’s Dominion Theatre London.  Touring was not as popular due to lack of venues and it was just after the war, so music was played mainly on radios and on some televisions. The main Rock and Roll artists and there songs were people such as Elvis Presley(Jailhouse Rock), Little Richard(Tooty Fruity), Eddie Cochrane(C’mon Everybody), Buddy Holly(Peggy Sue), Bill Haley and the Comets(Rock around the clock) and Chubby Checker (Lets twist again). Music was listened using vinyl’s on a record player but usually richer people had these so the only other way to hear the music was on the radio and rarely on televisions. Audio technology was getting better with amplifiers on electric and bass guitars. But one of the most popular ways of listening to music was Juke Boxes in Café’s. What was great about the genre of rock and roll was the influence it had on the world. It was happy music which made people dance which introduced Rock and Roll dancing known as the jive and hand jive. This genre brought in a style of fashion that no other genre has with Women wearing long, big, flowing skirts and men wearing oversized jackets called Teddy boy Jackets. This music has something special about it because people still listen to it today all around the world. For example Elvis Presley has posthumously released a new album and has reached straight to number one in the UK Top 40. Rock and roll has changed from the 1960’s into subgenres such as blue rock. Blues rock was around in the early 60’s to the mid 60’s in the USA and UK. Typical instruments were Electric Guitar, bass guitar, drums, vocals, piano and harmonica. A lot of twelve bars blues was used in this genre and a lot of improvisation as well as riffs.  Artists during this time were the Animals and Eric Clapton. The next subgenre is Folk rock. This genre was around mid-1960’s.The typical instruments it used was vocals, electric guitar, acoustic guitar, bass, drums, piano, harmonica and fiddle. Folk rock music structure is just verses but the first line of each verse is similar. Artists in this genre Fairport Conventions. Skiffle Music was popular in the USA in the first half of the 20th Century and 1950’s in the UK. This is a very different type of music using objects as instruments such as washboards, jugs, saw, comb, paper, kazoo and sometimes a guitar or banjo. There was not much lyric content but if there was it would be only a few sounds or words and there was no structure to the songs.an artist from this genre Lonnie Donorgan. The British Invasion was a genre in the mid 1960’s where rock and pop music acts from the UK were becoming popular in USA. Instruments used in this genre were electric guitars, vocals and drums. There was more lyric content about love during this time. The structure of the songs were becoming more like todays structure such as verse/chorus/verse/middle 8/chorus. An artist during this genre was The Beatles and Rolling Stones. Soft rock is a style of music which uses the techniques of rock music. This genre was around in the 1960’s. Typical instruments they used in this genre was acoustic guitar, electric guitar, piano and synthesiser. Again the lyric content was about love and the structure was the same as the previous genre. Glam rock was around in the early to mid-70. This genre was around in the UK. Glam rock varied between rock and roll and rock. This genre was famous for outrageous clothes, makeup, hairstyles and platform shoes. The structure is the same again. Artists in this genre were T’rex and Slade. Punk rock is a rock genre developed between 1974-1976 in the UK, USA and Australia. Typical instruments are vocals, bass guitar, electric guitar and drums. Again the lyrics content and structure is the same as the previous genre. A group of people that were rebels and didn’t agree with the parliament and royalty. It had its own fashion like safety pins through clothes and ears and Mohican hairstyles and bright coloured hair. Artists in this genre were the Sex Pistols. New wave music is a genre in the late 1970’s. Typical instruments in this genre were vocals, guitar and drums. Again the structure and lyric content was the same as the previous genre. Artists in this genre were Blonde and Generation X Alternative music is a genre of rock music that emerged from the Independent music of the 1980’s and 1990’s called “alternative rock”. Typical instruments in this genre is vocals, electric guitar, bass guitar, drums and keyboard. Power chords were very common in this type of music as well as riffs, buzz fuzz tone and squeal in feedback. Psychedelic music was a genre in the 60’s. Typical instruments were electric guitars and drums. A lot of this genre was influenced with drugs such as LSD with the lyrics content. It had its own fashion such as flower power and tie dyed t-shirts. Artist in this genre were the Beatles which experimented in this genre. Britpop is a subgenre of pop and rock music. It originated in the early 90s in the UK. The genre has similar lyric content to the previous genre, it was mainly people/bands shouting expressing frustration. A lot of independent music labels signed these kind of artists such as Blur and Oasis. I think that music has changed because people’s interest have changed and technology has improved. For example there are more ways to listen to music now such as YouTube and Spotify. Skiffle and Glam rock are completely different genres. Skiffle uses no proper instruments but glam rock use instruments like guitars and drums. Skiffle did not have much lyric contents and but glam does. Caroline Richardson

Caroline Richardson

Soul music is a popular genre that originated in the United States in the 1950’s and early 60’s. It uses different parts of African American gospel music, jazz and rhythm and blues. The term “soul” relates to African-American pride and culture. The music that preceded was blues and jazz. This is where soul comes in because soul music used blues and jazz in the music but in a more pop music style. Typical instruments played in soul music were Electric Guitar, Bass guitar, Piano, Drums, Horn section, Saxophones, organ, keyboards and vocals. The structure of soul music is very similar to pop music. The structure of these songs were Verse/Chorus/Verse/Middle8/Chorus. The lyric content of soul songs were mainly about love. Call and response was used a lot during the era of soul, the singer or musician "calls" out a phrase or saying, and another singer or musician provides a "response. Singers used a lot of different tones using their voices.  Sometimes they made their voices husky or smooth. Soul music was played in discos, nightclubs and if the artist had huge success they would play in concert halls.   Artists during this soul genre were Aretha Franklin (I say a little prayer), Marvin Gaye (I heard it through the grapevine), James Brown (I feel good), Otis Redding (Siting on the dock of the bay), Ray Charles (Hit the Road Jack) and Sam Cooke (Cupid). Record companies that produced soul music during this time were Stax records, they were founded in 1957, and it was originally called Satellite records. The founder of this record company was Jim Stewart and Estelle Axton. Some of the artists signed to this record was Otis Redding, Sam and Dave and Isaac Hayes. Another recording company is Atlantic Records, it is a major record label best known for its numerous recording of rhythm and blues, rock and roll, jazz and hip hop. They signed artists such as Aretha Franklin and Ray Charles who were around during the 1960’s, Atlantic records is still going today and signing some of the best artists in the world  such as Ed Sheeran, Skrillex and Bruno Mars. Atlantic records were slightly different to other record companies because they signed black and white artists. They also signed British artists such as Dusty Springfield and Lulu in the late 1960’s. Another leading record company specialising in soul music was the Motown label founded by Berry Gordy Jr in 1959. Artists signed to this record label were The Supremes, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye and the Temptations.   Recording techniques were basic during the 1960’s, they had a completely different way of recording there music. They would record a few songs in a day unlike today where artists can take weeks or months to record one song. Vinyls were the popular way of listening to music. Radios were also used to listen to music. The great thing about soul music is it gave black artists and musicians a wider audience than they had previously. The music was played regularly on National radio and the artists and musicians got to play their music in large concert halls and venues, where as previously black music was normally only played in small clubs. There was more choice of record labels to be signed so artists chose the best deal they were offered. Subgenres- Detroit Motown Soul is a strongly rhythmic and influenced by gospel music. It includes clapping, violin and bells. Pop soul is a style of soul music with raw vocals. Artists of this style included Diana Ross and Stevie Wonder. This was very popular during the 1960’s. Deep soul and Southern is the next sub-genre, it refers to a driving energetic soul style combining R and B energy and gospel music sounds. Stax records who I spoke about above used a distinctive sound which included putting the vocals back in the mix than most R and B records, using horn parts. Memphis soul is a style of soul produced in the 1960’s and 70’s at stax records. It features organs, bass, drums and horns. This style has its own sound New Orleans soul came after rhythm and blues era with artists such as Little Richard. This made a huge impact on pop and R and B and influenced funk music. Chicago soul generally had a light gospel influenced sound. It started in the 1960’s in Chicago. Typical instruments used electric guitar, bass guitar, drums, horns and vocals. This genre used laid back harmonies for groups while solo artists exhibited a melodic/pop approach to their songs. The accompaniment used highly orchestrated arrangements with horns and strings. Philadelphia soul is a genre of soul music influenced by funk. It started in the late 1960’s. It used instrumental arrangements often using strings and horns. Vibraphone can be heard in the background of some music. Typical instruments were strings, horns and vocals. This genre started the genre of disco. Psychedelic soul was a blend of psychedelic rock and soul music in the late 1960’s. Typical instruments used Bass guitar, drums, electric guitar, vocals, studio sound effects, horns and percussion. Blue eyed soul is an R and B or soul type of music performed by white artists. This genre was around I the mid 1960’s, white artists performed soul and R and B that was similar to Motown. Modern singers such as Adele and Christina Aguilera are modern day singers using this subgenre. British Soul has been a major influence on British popular music since the 1960’s including bands likes the Beatles. There was a lot of British acts that were very successful such as Dusty Springfield and Tom Jones. Caroline Richardson

Disco Music What was great about this genre? What did it influence? • There were black and white artists singing disco. • Being gay was being respected • It helped black and white people socialise. • It was a big business. • It helped introduce more nightclubs. • Dance classes were set up to do disco dancing. • Made a lot of money for the music industry. • Films were based on disco such as “Saturday Night Fever” with the song “Staying Alive” sung by the Bee Gees. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_izvAbhExY • Disco was used for soundtracks in many different films. • A new fashion line was brought out with afro hair, big flared trousers, glitter makeup and bright clothing. • DJs changed as they started to do their own mixes of songs. • It introduced the electronic music using technology as instruments and auto tune to make the singers voice sound better but cheat. • Over the years disco music has changed and has influenced dance music. Today’s dance music is created in a different way to how the early disco was made.

Soul Genre Assessment Task Soul music is a popular genre that originated in the United States in the 1950’s and early 60’s. It uses different parts of African American gospel music, jazz and rhythm and blues. The term “soul” relates to African-American pride and culture. The music that preceded was blues and jazz. This is where soul comes in because soul music used blues and jazz in the music but in a more pop music style. Typical instruments played in soul music were Electric Guitar, Bass guitar, Piano, Drums, Horn section, Saxophones, organ, keyboards and vocals. The structure of soul music is very similar to pop music. The structure of these songs were Verse/Chorus/Verse/Middle8/Chorus. The lyric content of soul songs were mainly about love. Call and response was used a lot during the era of soul, the singer or musician "calls" out a phrase or saying, and another singer or musician provides a "response. Singers used a lot of different tones using their voices.  Sometimes they made their voices husky or smooth. Soul music was played in discos, nightclubs and if the artist had huge success they would play in concert halls.   Artists during this soul genre were Aretha Franklin (I say a little prayer), Marvin Gaye (I heard it through the grapevine), James Brown (I feel good), Otis Redding (Siting on the dock of the bay), Ray Charles (Hit the Road Jack) and Sam Cooke (Cupid). Record companies that produced soul music during this time were Stax records, they were founded in 1957, and it was originally called Satellite records. The founder of this record company was Jim Stewart and Estelle Axton. Some of the artists signed to this record was Otis Redding, Sam and Dave and Isaac Hayes. Another recording company is Atlantic Records, it is a major record label best known for its numerous recording of rhythm and blues, rock and roll, jazz and hip hop. They signed artists such as Aretha Franklin and Ray Charles who were around during the 1960’s, Atlantic records is still going today and signing some of the best artists in the world  such as Ed Sheeran, Skrillex and Bruno Mars. Atlantic records were slightly different to other record companies because they signed black and white artists. They also signed British artists such as Dusty Springfield and Lulu in the late 1960’s. Another leading record company specialising in soul music was the Motown label founded by Berry Gordy Jr in 1959. Artists signed to this record label were The Supremes, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye and the Temptations.   Recording techniques were basic during the 1960’s, they had a completely different way of recording there music. They would record a few songs in a day unlike today where artists can take weeks or months to record one song. Vinyls were the popular way of listening to music. Radios were also used to listen to music. The great thing about soul music is it gave black artists and musicians a wider audience than they had previously. The music was played regularly on National radio and the artists and musicians got to play their music in large concert halls and venues, where as previously black music was normally only played in small clubs. There was more choice of record labels to be signed so artists chose the best deal they were offered. Subgenres- Detroit Motown Soul is a strongly rhythmic and influenced by gospel music. It includes clapping, violin and bells. Pop soul is a style of soul music with raw vocals. Artists of this style included Diana Ross and Stevie Wonder. This was very popular during the 1960’s. Deep soul and Southern is the next sub-genre, it refers to a driving energetic soul style combining R and B energy and gospel music sounds. Stax records who I spoke about above used a distinctive sound which included putting the vocals back in the mix than most R and B records, using horn parts. Memphis soul is a style of soul produced in the 1960’s and 70’s at stax records. It features organs, bass, drums and horns. This style has its own sound New Orleans soul came after rhythm and blues era with artists such as Little Richard. This made a huge impact on pop and R and B and influenced funk music. Chicago soul generally had a light gospel influenced sound. It started in the 1960’s in Chicago. Typical instruments used electric guitar, bass guitar, drums, horns and vocals. This genre used laid back harmonies for groups while solo artists exhibited a melodic/pop approach to their songs. The accompaniment used highly orchestrated arrangements with horns and strings. Philadelphia soul is a genre of soul music influenced by funk. It started in the late 1960’s. It used instrumental arrangements often using strings and horns. Vibraphone can be heard in the background of some music. Typical instruments were strings, horns and vocals. This genre started the genre of disco. Psychedelic soul was a blend of psychedelic rock and soul music in the late 1960’s. Typical instruments used Bass guitar, drums, electric guitar, vocals, studio sound effects, horns and percussion. Blue eyed soul is an R and B or soul type of music performed by white artists. This genre was around I the mid 1960’s, white artists performed soul and R and B that was similar to Motown. Modern singers such as Adele and Christina Aguilera are modern day singers using this subgenre. British Soul has been a major influence on British popular music since the 1960’s including bands likes the Beatles. There was a lot of British acts that were very successful such as Dusty Springfield and Tom Jones. Caroline Richardson

Caroline Richardson Rock and Roll Project