#unit 27

UNIT 27 SALES AND COSTS

Description --> In this unit the author explains the sales and costs, that contains subjects of sales 1, sales 2, costs, and margins and mark-ups.

What I learned --> In this unit I learned about the sales and costs, that contains vocabulary of sales 1, sales 2, costs, and margins and mark-ups.

Sales 1: sales, sales meeting, sales figures, turnover, revenue, target, volume, sales growth, and sales forecasts.

Sales 2: make a sale, be on sale, until sale, sales, a sale, and the sale.

Costs: costs, fixed costs, variable costs, cost of goods sold (COGS), indirect costs, overhead cost/ overheads, expenses, and costing.

Questionnaire

 1.     Are you male or female?

  2.     How old are you?

  3.     Do you watch documentaries?

  4.     Do you listen to music? If yes, what genre/s?

  5.     Do you have an interest in lifestyle and culture?

  6.     Would you be interested in watching a documentary about the alternative subculture, with a particular focus on the music scene?

  7.     What would you like to see in this?

Explain the code and  convention in your own words

How does the code and  convention inform/determine audience responses? How does it achieve an  audience response?                  

Studio news readers role

·        Present an impartial summary of current issues

·        Relay the facts without opinions  (formal/traditional)

·        Engage viewers using body language and  delivery of news while behaving professionally

·        Allows audience to form their own opinions  based on the facts

Studio news readers  appearance

•        Usually an anchor or a pair of anchors with  the combination of an older man and young woman

•        They must be presentable, so are always  well-groomed and dressed smartly

•        They speak clearly and in received  pronunciation – regional accents must be toned down

•        They use direct address to build a rapport  with the audience

•        Appear friendly and trustworthy, so the  audience are able to listen to and believe them

•        Inoffensive, so accepted with minimal active  response (other than acknowledgement)

Field reporters

·        Field reporters go to the location of a story  and provide the finer details of the report

•        They do their own research for this and write  their own script

•        They often provide information that would be  unobtainable for the studio news readers or the researchers working from the  studio

•        Their role is very important for getting all  the necessary information to accurately deliver the story in a factual and  unbiased manner

•        Allows the audience an inside view to prove  the stories

•        Gives the sense of being involved/in the know

Links to studio

•        Links to the studio is where the news is  featuring interaction with field reporters and other studios and there is a  conversation between the studio news readers and whoever is connected via  video link

•        Diversifies the show to avoid it being  visually boring

•        Makes the station seem more reliable as they  have connections and conduct research into the stories

•        It enables the audience to see the widespread  coverage of news in the world and get relevant details faster

Mode of address to viewer

•        Modes of address to the viewer is the way in  which presenters and reporters speak and behave whilst on camera in order to  deliver the information in a way that will engage and interest the viewers

•        For example, they employ direct address and  eye contact to hold viewers’ attention

•        They also speak formally, often in received  pronunciation, to appear professional and reliable

•        Aspects of their appearance and behaviour can  be manipulated to deliver the message correctly

•        Connects and engages viewers

•        Influences the way they are received by the  audience

•        It is vital this is used to successfully  connect with and interest the audience

interviewing

•        Interviews are often conducted to get  different opinions in news stories

•        They can offer both the views of the experts  and the general public and can add important, relevant information to the  report

•        They are often conducted in the studio, on  location or via video links and this enables the news readers to find out  more in order to deliver this to viewers

•        As well as this, it can deliver inside views  of people involved, like a powerful politician or a witness to an accident

•        Gives exclusivity and insider opinions to  viewers

•        Shows more opinionated sides of stories to  allow viewers to form their own judgements based on (generally equal)  representation of two sides of an argument

•        Interests viewers more and give them  information directly from the relevant people in a story

Experts and witnesses

•        Experts and witnesses are used to enhance a  story or provide different views for the audience

•        Sometimes they are interviewed and other times  they are set up in a panel-like formation, speculating on the stories  alongside the news reporter

•        An example of this is Sky News’ morning  section with Eamon Holmes

•        Appears reliable

•        Makes audience feel current and connected with  events

•        This adds interest, and sometimes humour, for  the viewers

 Report structure

•        The report structure is very important for  captivating viewers

•        The studio news reader will begin with reading  the headlines

•        After this, the stories will be delivered one  at a time, using studio links, field reporters and interviews to fully  deliver the information in an interesting and accurate way

•        Gives audience a sense of organisation and  trustworthy preparation

•        Enables the audience a first look at whether  or not there are stories of interest to them

Actuality footage

•        Actuality footage is very useful for news  shows

•        It has the same effects as witness accounts,  however it is more reliable

•        An example of this is the CCTV footage of the  British man, David Miller, who was murdered in Thailand - it shows him alive  and well just hours before he was killed

Digital Recreation: 

For my Digital Recreation, I am defiantly happy with how my images came out but am a little bit disappointed with the lighting. I think that my background needed to be more backlit as the white background came out a lot more greyer than I expected it too, I think that I also needed to get a little bit closer to my model as the original image’s composition is not as far away as mine. 

I am happy with how the editing of the image turned out as after changing the colours, brightness, contrast etc. the backdrop started to get lots of black/grey dots and I had to make sure that I edited them out so that my background was as white as possible. Also, I had to edit the bottom left corner of the image as I had didn’t get all of the backdrop in, to do this, I just using the cloning and healing tool so that it would blend/match quite well with the image. 

I would say that I am happy with how the image turned out and I would just have to be more careful with the lighting and backdrop next time.

Digital Homage:

For my homage, I didn’t want to make a massive change to the image, I just wanted something quite simple. So, I kind of did the opposite to the original as the original has got: hair up, hands behind back and looking at the camera and my homage my model has got: hands on hips, hair down and looking away from the camera. I am defiantly happy with how these images turned out and didn’t have to do as much editing on this image as the recreation. I think that the image looks better in black and white rather than colour and also I didn't want to change too much about the image.

I am happier with the lighting in this image as I think the lighting in this image is a lot better to my recreation, I also like the composition but it is not great my models left hand arm is cut out of the image meaning that next time I would have to be more careful and make sure that I get it all in as I think that a little thing like that can really make a difference to an image.

Film Summary/Idea:

With these images, it was all quite last minute as my film kept coming out blank with another shoot that I did. However, I don’t think that they turned out too bad. The images did turn out brighter than I expected them too and some of them are a little bit out of focus - but that is my own fault.

I shot my images on an Olympus film camera using ISO 200, B&W film and for lighting, in both images, I used one soft box just to the right of the modes face.

When shooting in film, I make sure that I shoot them on a digital camera first so that I get a rough idea on how my images will look and what the exposure will be like. Also, so that I can match the settings from my digital camera to my film so that I know how they will roughly turn out. After doing these test shots, I will start shooting on my film camera.

Film Recreation:

.Once I scanned in my images, I retouched them in Photoshop. I started off by adding contrast to the images as I didn’t want them to be as bright as they were. I also started retouching by using the healing tools to get rid of scratches from the image (which is from the film) and other blemishes. 

I think that if I shot my images again then I would change my models position slightly as in the image which I was trying to copy, the model isn’t looking right in to the camera and is slightly turned to the left. 

Film Homage:

For my Film Homage, I did something similar to my Digital Homage, I wanted to change something simple that made a big change in the image. I went closer to the model and got more of a close up shot but still kept the cigarette in the image. I also had my model face the other way and just asked my model to keep moving her hands so that they were in a random place but did not look too posed for the image.

I used the same lighting in this image but I just brought it closer to the models face and I obviously changed my composition by going closer to the model. I also had to add more contrast and levels to the image (like my recreation) because I didn’t realise how light my images were going to turn out - again, that is my own fault and I will learn from this next time

Client Brief - Recreation:

With this part of the project, it was harder than I anticipated. I came across a few struggles whilst shooting this. My first problem was trying to avoid the window reflection in my images which meant that you could see me in the reflection of the window and also other things in the background of the image. Also, I think because I was using natural lighting it was harder to get rid of these as well. When I was editing my images in Photoshop, I tried to get rid of the reflections and I did this by changing the contrast, brightness and levels but I got rid of the main reflections when I was changing my image to black and white as I was using the different colour settings and lowering them so that they were less visible.

Another thing that I found harder was shooting someone quite young. This is because I needed a particular pose for the image and because of their age, trying to hold a particular image is quite hard and I didn't think that it would be as hard as it was. What I also don’t like about the image is how you can see the hands around my model as there is a lot in the background of the image as there is nothing in the original and the boy is posing by himself.

I think that my recreation is not exactly how I wanted it to be but I think I have learnt from this experience and when it comes to doing something like this again, I should be more prepared. 

I think if I was to do this image again then I would allow myself more time and do more research on how to shoot an image through a window. As I did my research after thinking I would be able to get rid of it easily in Photoshop but actually there are ways that you can do it whilst shooting your image.

Client Brief - Homage:

For my homage, I came across the same issues as my recreation as I shot them both at the same time and they are also very similar. This one, I think, looks more like what a child would be like - happy and bubbly. I think that if I had this shoot but without the window it would be a nice shot because I really like the way that my model is positioned but I think everything to do with the window really lets the image down - which I think I have learnt from.

Project Summary