First of all, thank you for following the bookscans posts, I hope you're enjoying them. Now I wanted to share some extra facts related to the third part, like the Tudmir Pact and more about Abd al-Aziz and Egilona, so here we go:
âą The Tudmir pact
The pact between Teodomiro and Abd al-Aziz was signed on April 5, 713 and its text is:
In the Name of Allah, the Gracious, the Merciful. Edict of 'Abd al-'Aziz ibn Musa ibn Nusair to Tudmir ibn Abdush [Theodomir, son of the Goths]. The latter obtains peace and receives the promise, under the guarantee of God and his prophet, that his situation and that of his people will not be altered; that his subjects will not be killed, nor taken prisoners, nor separated from their wives and children; that they will not be prevented from practicing their religion, and that their churches will not be burned or deprived of the objects of worship that are in them; all this as long as it satisfies the obligations we impose on it. Peace is granted with the delivery of the following cities: Uryula [Orihuela], Baltana, Laqant [Alacant], Mula, Villena, Lurqa [Lorca] and Ello. Furthermore, you must not give refuge to anyone who flees from us or is our enemy; nor cause harm to anyone who flees from us or is our enemy; nor cause harm to anyone who enjoys our amnesty; nor hide any information about our enemies that may come to their knowledge. He and his subjects will pay an annual tribute, each person, of one dinar in cash, four measures of wheat, barley, grape juice and vinegar, two of honey and two of olive oil; for the servants, only a measure. Given in the month of Rajab, year 94 of the Hegira [713]. As witnesses, 'Uthman ibn Abi 'Abda, Habib ibn Abi 'Ubaida, Idris ibn Maisara and Abu l-Qasim al-Mazali.
Various versions of the Pact of TudmÄ«r are known, all of them are not contemporary and it seems that the pact had an important impact, since there are manuscripts about It writen by some authors throughout the Middle Ages, the oldest by geographer Abu al-AbbĂĄs Ăhmad ibn Ămar al-UážrÄ« (DalĂas, AlmerĂa, 1003- AlmerĂa or Valencia, 1085), those by AbĆ« Ja'far Aáž„mad ibn Yaáž„yÄ ibn Aáž„mad ibn 'Amirah al-ážabbÄ« (VĂ©lez-Rubio or VĂ©lez-Blanco, AlmerĂa, 1155/1156- Murcia, 1203), Abu Hamid al-GarnÄáčÄ« (Granada, 1256-Cairo, 1344) and Ibn Abd-al-MĂșnim al-កimyarÄ« (Ceuta, 15th century- ?, 1495).
At the library of the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial is preserved the manuscript of the al-ážabbÄ« version of the pact (well, plus some annotations in Spanish from early 19th century) in his work Bughyat al-multamis fÄ« tÄrÄ«kh rijÄl ahl al-Andalus (Wish fulfilled of the one who investigates, about the history of the men of al-Andalus), which is part of the Arabic manuscripts collection held at El Escorial (in the web you can find 153 digitalized manuscripts), started by Phillip II of Spain during the 16th century.
Btw this Arabic manuscript collection is the topic of one of the chapters of the book De Mayrit a Madrid (From Mayrit to Madrid), one of the books that is on the bookscans list, so if you want to know more about this topic, wait for when I share its bookscans.
And for ending with the Tudmir Pact, here's a map showing the cities included in the pact:
âą Abd al-Aziz and Egilona
Note: The genealogical links listed below might not be 100% exact, because some data varies depending on the source. Sorry if it's a bit messy, genealogy is complicated (specially if Royal families are involved)
An interesting fact is that some sources point that Abd al-Aziz's mother was Umm bint Marwan ibn al-Hakam, a daughter of Caliph Marwan I, making Abd al-Aziz (born in 685) one of the grandsons of the 4th Umayyad Caliph of Damascus.
During the conquest, Abd al-Aziz and Egilona married in 713. Due to the name Umm'Asim Egilona is sometimes given, it's known that they had a son, although it's not known anything more about him, and they had a daughter too, AĂŻsha.
After the death of Musa ibn Nusayr in 715, Abd al-Aziz started to mistrust the new Caliph Suleyman, as its possible that the Caliph ordered to murder Musa.
The relationship between the Caliph and Abd al-Aziz was tense, since Abd al-Aziz's title of governor of Al Andalus was given by his father Musa ibn Nusayr, not by the Caliph, so Sulayman was afraid of a possible uprising and Abd al-Aziz turning Al Andalus into an independent territory. As it is possible that Egilona suggested Abd al-Aziz to crown himself and turn away from the caliphate, or at least that were the rumours, and that alleged conspiracy led to Sulayman sending Ziyad ibn Udhara to murder Abd al-Aziz in Seville in 716.
It is not known exactly when Egilona died, although is likely the year of her death is after 718. About their daughter AĂŻsha bint Abd al-Aziz, she eventually married FortĂșn ibn Qasi, governor of Zaragoza and the Ebro valley and head of the Banu Qasi, and had two sons Zahir and Musa ibn Fortun, the later married Oneka of Pamplona. They had two sons, Mutarrif and Musa ibn Musa, whom later in the book AL ANDALUS. Historical figures there will be a chapter about (the chapter Musa ben Musa ben Qasi, the third King of Spain). Musa ibn Musa's domains were occasionally independent from the Umayyad emirate of CĂłrdoba since he and his descendants allied with either the emirate or with Christians like the future kingdom of Navarre, whose Royal family had blood ties with the Banu Qasi, some of them being:
- Eneko Aritza, Lord "King" of Pamplona, was Musa ibn Musa's brother, since Eneko was the son Oneka had with her first husband Eneko Semenoitz
- Asona Enekoitz, one of the daughters of Eneko Aritza, niece and wife of Musa ibn Musa. Their children were Lubb ibn Musa, Mutarrif ibn Musa, FortĂșn ibn Musa and Awriya bint Musa
- Belasquita GarcĂ©s of Pamplona, daughter of Eneko Aritza's son, GarcĂa. She was Musa ibn Musa's daughter-in-law since he married Mutarrif ibn Musa ibn Musa.
- FortĂșn GarcĂ©s, son of Eneko Aritza's son GarcĂa. Fortun married Awriya bint Lubb ibn Musa, daughter of Lubb ibn Musa and an Arab noblewoman Ayab al-Bilatiyya. Their children were Eneko, Aznar, Belasko, Lope and Oneka.
- Oneka FortĂșnez, daughter of FortĂșn GarcĂ©s and Auria/Awriya bint Lubb. Oneka FortĂșnez married twice, she firstly wed the Emir Abd Allah I of CĂłrdoba, she was known as Durr (Pearl), their children being Muhammad, Zayd, al-Baha' and Fatima, Muhammad's son was the first Caliph of CĂłrdoba, Abd al-Rahman III; then Oneka married her cousin Aznar SĂĄnchez.
Descendants by MUHAMMAD
- Muhammad, son of Emir Abd Allah I of CĂłrdoba and Oneka FortĂșnez, he had Abd al-Rahman III with a Basque woman, Muzna.
- Abd al-Rahman III, 8th Emir and first Caliph of Córdoba. He had several wifes and concubines, and many children, but the one who succeeded him was al-Hakam II, one of the sons he had with one of his wifes, a Christian captive called Maryam.
- Al-Hakam II, 2nd Caliph of CĂłrdoba, son of Abd al-Rahman III and Maryam. Al-Hakam was succeeded by Hisham II, a son he had with the concubine, Subh al-baskunsiyya, a Basque woman named Aurora, but then she took the name Subh.
- Hisham II, 3th Caliph of CĂłrdoba, son of al-Hakam II of CĂłrdoba and Subh. He firstly was overthrown by Muhammad II, and became Caliph again after the second rule of Muhammad ended.
-Muhammad II, 4th Caliph of CĂłrdoba, son of Hisham, who was son of Abd al-Yabbar, one of Abd al-Rahman III's sons. He overthrew Hisham II, but Muhammad II was overthrown by Suleyman al-MustaĂn, and Muhammad II started his second rule after he overthrew Suleyman. Muhammad II's sons were Abd al-Rahman IV and Hisham III.
- Suleyman, 5th Caliph of CĂłrdoba, son al- Hakam, who was son of Suleyman, one of Abd al-Rahman III's sons. After Hisham II died, Suleyman's second rule started, but he was defeated and killed by the governor of Ceuta, AlĂ ibn Hamud al-NĂĄsir, who became the 6th Caliph of CĂłrdoba and first Caliph of the Banu Hamud dinasty.
- Abd al-Rahman IV, 7th Caliph of Córdoba, son of Muhammad II. After Ali ibn Hamud was murdered, he was proclaimed Caliph, although it was después with Ali ibn Hamud's brother Al-Qåsim, and after Abd al-Rahman IV died, Al-Qåsim fully became the 8th Caliph of Córdoba.
- Abd al-Rahman V, 10th Caliph of CĂłrdoba, brother of Muhammad II. After the second rule of Al-CĂĄsim ended, he became Caliph, but he was murdered a year later. He was succeeded by his cousin Muhammad III.
- Muhammad III, 11th Caliph of CĂłrdoba, son of Abd al-Rahman, who was son of Ubayd Al-lah, one of Abd al-Rahman III's sons. He had a daughter with the slave Amin'am, who was Wallada bint al-Mustakfi. Muhammad died, and Ali ibn Hamud's son, Yahya al-Muhtal returned.
- Hisham III, 12th Caliph of CĂłrdoba, son of Muhammad II. He became Caliph when Yahya al-Muhtal was overthrown and his second rule ended. After some years, Hisham III was overthrown during a popular uprising, the Caliphate of CĂłrdoba was abolished, so Hisham was the last Caliph of CĂłrdoba, and the first period of Taifas began.
- Wallada bint al-Mustafki, the only child of Muhammad III, became a famous poetress. Wallada inherited her father's assets when he died and she opened her palace to the education of women from good families to women of low status and even slaves; poets and writers also attended. Among her students, Muhya bint al-Tayyani stands out, a poetress of very humble status. Wallada welcomed her into her palace, and it is said that they were lovers.
It is known that she embroidered her verses on her dresses, being the most well-known: "By Allah, I deserve any greatness/ and I proudly continue my path/ I gladly give my lover my cheek / and I give my kisses to whoever wants them"; and she did not veil on the street. Wallada participate in men's competitions, in one of them she met the poet Ibn ZaydĂșn, with whom she had a passionate love story, as is it shown in several of their poems. Wallada had other lovers like Ibn Abdus, but she never married.
(Mental Note: I have to dedicate a post to Wallada's poetry someday)
Descendants by AZNĂR SANCHEZ
- Toda AznĂĄrez, daughter of Oneka FortĂșnez with her second husband Aznar SĂĄnchez. Toda married Sancho I of Pamplona, a distant cousin and first official King of Pamplona. Their children were GarcĂa I of Pamplona (married Countess Andregoto I of Aragon, their son was Sancho II of Pamplona), Urraca (married Ramiro II of Leon), Oneka (married Alfonso IV of LeĂłn, their son was Ordoño IV), Sancha (married Ordoño II of LeĂłn, their son was Sancho I) , Belasquita and Orbita (married al-Tawil, governor of Huesca).
- Sancho II of Pamplona, GarcĂa I and Andregoto's son, married Urraca FernĂĄndez, daughter of FernĂĄn GonzĂĄlez, Count of Castile. Among their children were GarcĂa II of Pamplona and Urraca. Urraca married Al-Mansur, hayib of Caliph Hisham II of CĂłrdoba, and she took the name Abda, and was the mother of Abd al-Rahman SanĆ·ul (or Sanchuelo), who became hayib of Hisham II after his brother ÊżAbd al-MĂĄlik al-MuáșĂĄffar (son of Al-Mansur and Al-DalfÄÊŸ) died. Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo had a son, Abd al-Aziz ibn Ămir, who, after the of the Caliphate was splitted into Taifas, became Emir of the Taifa of Valencia. Abd al-Aziz was succeeded by his son Abd-al-Malik, but Abd-al-Malik was overthrown by Al-MamĂșn, Emir of the Taifa of Toledo.
- GarcĂa II of Pamplona was succeeded by his son Sancho II of Pamplona, who married Muniadona of Castile, and they were parents of GarcĂa III of Pamplona (ancestors of the Kingdom of Navarre) and Ferdinand I of Leon, who married Sancha of Leon, who was the great-great-grandaughter of Ramiro II of Leon (ancestors of the Crown of Castile and the Kingdom of Portugal, via their son Alfonso VI of Leon). Plus Sancho II of Pamplona had a son out of wedlock, Ramiro I of Aragon (ancestors of the Crown of Aragon)
