#sensationalism

Oliver Stone’s 1994 film Natural Born Killers remains one of the most controversial and talked-about movies of the 1990s. Written originally by Quentin Tarantino (though heavily rewritten by Stone, David Veloz, and Richard Rutowski), the film became a hallucinatory satire of America’s obsession with violence and media spectacle. The story follows Mickey and Mallory Knox, played by Woody Harrelson and Juliette Lewis, two lovers turned mass murderers whose rampage is sensationalized by television, turning them into folk heroes.

One of the film’s striking qualities is its experimental style: Stone used a mix of 35mm, 16mm, Super 8, animation, and even rear-projection, switching color palettes and film stocks within the same scene. This kaleidoscopic approach created a frantic, surreal atmosphere reflecting the fractured media environment it critiques.

The soundtrack, produced by Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails, is equally groundbreaking, weaving together 27 songs from artists like Bob Dylan, Leonard Cohen, and Dr. Dre into a continuous sound collage. Reznor approached the soundtrack as a concept album, shaping the music to match the disorienting tone of the film.

The movie faced heavy controversy on release. It was originally given an NC-17 rating before cuts reduced it to an R. Critics debated whether the film was an incisive satire or itself guilty of glamorizing violence. Several real-life crimes were controversially linked to it, sparking lawsuits and media debates.

Performances are another highlight: Harrelson and Lewis fully embody their characters’ manic energy, while Robert Downey Jr. delivers a memorable turn as sleazy journalist Wayne Gale. Stone has said the film was his attempt to capture the cultural mood of the early 1990s, when media, celebrity, and violence were increasingly intertwined.

Algorithms that'll show you your compulsion triggers as "engagement", people encouraged to use emotive language to suck others in, constant negativity bias...

If you're reading this and have OCD, you have my permission to block me and/or any keyword you want if they're causing spirals.

[cw: transness as spectactle, fatphobia, medical procedures]

The thing that strikes me the most about the desire to see before-and-after pictures, or to hear all of the gory details about sex reassignment procedures, is how bold people often are about it. After all, these people have to know that I felt uncomfortable as male, that it was a difficult and often miserable part of my life. So why on earth would they ask to see pictures of me from that time period? ...And really, is there anything more disrespectful and inappropriate than asking someone (in public, no less!) whether they have had any medical procedures performed on their genitals?

So what drives these otherwise well-meaning people to want to know about the physical aspects of my transition so badly that they are willing to disregard common courtesy and discretion?

Well, I wasn’t quite sure myself until about two years ago, during the height of the reality TV plastic surgery craze, when shows like Extreme Makeover, The Swan, and I Want a Famous Face filled the airwaves. ...Also around that time, gastric bypass surgery began receiving a lot of media attention, and there were numerous programs dedicated to following people who were described as being “morbidly obese” through their surgery and recovery, ending of course with the mandatory before-and-after shots punctuating just how much weight the subjects had lost. On Discovery Health Channel, there is even a series that’s called Plastic Surgery: Before & After, which often combines conventional plastic surgeries and gastric bypasses in the same episode.

What really impressed me about these shows was how similar they are in format to many of the transsexual documentaries I have seen: They feature subjects who are unhappy with their bodies in some way, sympathetic and able doctors who describe the forthcoming procedures in great detail, hospital shots on the day of surgery and immediately afterward, a final scene after full recovery where the subject talks about how happy they are with the results, and side-by-side before-and-after photos that demonstrate the remarkable transformation in its entirety. Sometimes these shows are even set to slightly disturbing music that, when combined with the narrator’s dramatic voice-over, impresses upon the viewer that they are watching something that is simultaneously wondrous and taboo.

The only significant difference between many transsexual documentaries and these plastic surgery shows is that the former require a little more background and explanation as to why the subject wants to change their sex in the first place (presumably, the desire to become thinner or more conventionally attractive needs no explanation).

So why do plastic surgeries, gastric bypasses, and sex reassignment procedures receive such similar treatment in these programs? It is not simply because they all portray cutting-edge medical procedures. After all, there are plenty of shows that feature various medical techniques and surgeries, but they are generally far more serious and less sensationalistic in tone. Nor can it be said that the rarity of these procedures leads to the public’s fascination with them. While sex reassignment is still fairly rare, 9.2 million cosmetic plastic surgery procedures and an estimated 140,000 gastric bypass surgeries were performed in 2004.

It also can’t simply be that these shows depict transformations of some kind. After all, one occasionally sees behind-the-scenes programs about Hollywood makeup artists and costume designers who can drastically change an actor’s appearance, yet they are never given the sensationalistic spin that these other types of transformations receive. There are also plenty of programs that feature nonsurgical makeovers (for example, Queer Eye for the Straight Guy and What Not to Wear), but they tend to have a more laid-back and informative feel, seducing the audience with their you-can-do-this-yourself attitude, in contrast to plastic surgery and sex reassignment shows, which have a far more cold and voyeuristic feel to them. And while a woman who changes her hair color and style, or a man who shaves off his beard, undergoes a significant transformation, one that often leaves them looking like a completely different person, the audience is not encouraged to gawk over their before-and-after pictures in the same way they do with the subjects of plastic surgery and sex reassignment programs.

I would argue that the major reason that plastic surgeries, gastric bypasses, and sex reassignments are all given similar sensationalistic treatments is because the subjects cross what is normally considered an impenetrable class boundary: from unattractive to beautiful, from fat to thin, and in the case of transsexuals, from male to female, or from female to male. ...

So when somebody does cross those supposedly impassable boundaries, essentially changing their social class from not-so-attractive to stunning, or from “morbidly obese” to thin, it can change our thinking about beauty and attraction.

As a transsexual, I find myself dealing with this same phenomenon all the time, only with gender. Whether people realize it or not, most of us value, treat, and relate to women and men very differently, although not necessarily in a conscious or malicious way. Rather, like our attitudes about beauty and attraction, these prejudices are practically invisible to us, as they are woven into our social fabric. So when I tell someone that I used to be male, they are often dumbfounded at first, as if they have difficulty reconciling that someone who seems so naturally female to them could have once been something they consider to be so completely different. The fact that a single individual can be both female and male, or ugly and beautiful, at different points in their life challenges the commonly held belief that these classes are mutually exclusive and naturally distinct from one another.

Coming face-to-face with an individual who has crossed class barriers of gender or attractiveness can help us recognize the extent to which our own biases, assumptions, and stereotypes create those class systems in the first place.

But rather than question our own value judgments or notice the ways that we treat people differently based on their size, beauty, or gender, most of us reflexively react to these situations in a way that reinforces class boundaries: We focus on the presumed “artificiality” of the transformation the subject has undergone.

Playing up the “artificial” aspects of the transformation process gives one the impression that the class barrier itself is “natural,” one that could not have been crossed if it were not for modern medical technology. Of course, it is true that plastic surgeries and sex reassignments are “artificial,” but then again so are the exercise bikes we work out on, the antiwrinkle moisturizers we smear on our faces, the dyes we use to color our hair, the clothes we buy to complement our figures, and the TV shows, movies, magazines, and billboards that bombard us with “ideal” images of gender, size, and beauty that set the standards that we try to live up to in the first place.

The class systems based on attractiveness and gender are extraordinarily “artificial”—yet only those practices that seem to subvert those classes (rather than reaffirm them) are ever characterized as such.

Shows depicting plastic surgery, gastric bypasses, and sex reassignments are designed (whether consciously or unconsciously) to single out and exaggerate the supposed “artificial” nature of these procedures, thus giving the audience the opportunity to enjoy the spectacle of these dramatic transformations without ever bringing into question the authenticity of the class barrier that is being crossed. The more dramatic the change, the more “artificial” the whole process will inevitably seem. … [T]hese programs almost always depict people of either average or less-than-average attractiveness, and who undergo multiple procedures at once, thus creating the most dramatic and extensive physical change possible.

“HELP! MY HUSBAND CAN’T STOP BUYING MYSTERIOUS SECOND HAND VHS TAPES!!!”

“PRINCE HARRY SHAGGED MY LEG!”

“LOCAL DOCTOR DONATES 200 HUMAN KIDNEYS TO HOSPITAL!”

“INSIDE CILLA BLACK’S DISGUSTING HOME!”

“EASTENDERS DEATHS RATED FROM BEST TO WORST”

“MAN KILLED BY WALL INSULATION”

“MAN SUES RONNIE BARKER AND THREATENS TO FIGHT GOD”

“LARGE OBJECT SPOTTED IN SKY - it was the SUN???!!!!!!!”

“BOFFINS DISCOVER WHEN THE UNIVERSE WILL END!!!!!!!”

“PIERS MORGAN ELECTROCUTED BY ANGRY SEX DWARF”

“HAUNTED BY TOM BAKER”

“LATE QUEEN’S FACE APPEARS IN A CLOUD”

“MY NEPHEW SHAT IN THE TEA KETTLE ON BOXING DAY!”