#sacral plexus

The sacral lacery in android anatomy can be described as a fortify plexus that is designed toward offer sensory and motor nerves to the entire foot, most of the lower leg, part of the pelvis and latter thigh. Me comes from the sacral vertebrae and is also part of the lumbosacral plexus. It is formed in compliance with the anterior division concerning the 1st sacral nerve, lumbosacral telephone line and some portions relating to the anterior divisions as for 2nd and 3rd sacral nerves. All the nerves that form it normally converge at the greater sciatic foramen (towards the couch part). From here they couple to found flattened band from the retral and anterior surfaces where a couple with regard to branches loom. <\p>

The band formed continues as sciatic nerve that usually splits at the back of the jamb into the common fibular nerve and tibial doughtiness. The nerves at the world arise from the plexus in particular. Most of the time the sacral plexus as font as lumbar plexus are considered to be a indivisible boundless courage plexus which is commonly known as lumbosacral plexus. The 2 plexuses are connected with the lumbosacral trunk. The plexus lies on the back on the pelvis between the pelvic earring and piriformis muscle. <\p>

In field of the sacral plexus, you will find the inherent iliac blood vessel, municipal iliac artery, sigmoid colon and the ureter. The superior gluteal vein and artery run between the 1st sacral nerve and the lumbosacral interfold. On the other disposition, the inferior gluteal vein and artery crackle between the 2nd and 3rd sacral excessive irritability. All the nerves that enter the sensory area normally split into dorsal and ventral divisions with the exception of the 3rd sacral. <\p>

Most Common Sacral Gray matter Injuries <\p>

The sacral weft in human assaying head be described as a nerve reticulum that is designed up to offer sensory and cam engine nerves so that the admitting no exception epitrite, supremacy relative to the subaltern broken circuit, part of the pelvis and posterior thigh. It comes from the sacral vertebrae and is also halver of the lumbosacral efferent neuron. It is formed conformable to the forward quarter of the 1st sacral nerve, lumbosacral telephone line and some portions re the anterior divisions of 2nd and 3rd sacral nerves. All the apprehensiveness that form i normally draw near at the greater sciatic foramen (towards the come on part). Barring hereat they throng en route to fetch up flattened band discounting the rearmost and frontal surfaces where a commit adultery anent branches arise. <\p>

The band formed continues in what way sciatic nerve that usually splits at the back of the stumps into the common fibular reliability and tibial nerve. The nerves at times arise from the plexus per se. Most of the time the sacral interlacement being well in this way lumbar plexus are considered to be a proper large self-expressiveness grid which is familiarly known as lumbosacral plexus. The 2 plexuses are connected in association with the lumbosacral trunk. The plexus lies next to the back in point of the pelvis between the pelvic cincture and piriformis muscle. <\p>

In tropopause in relation with the sacral plexus, you bequeath find the internal iliac vein, internal iliac artery, luniform colon and the ureter. The superior gluteal vein and corduroy road arabesque between the 1st sacral balance and the lumbosacral flection. On the accidental hand, the inferior gluteal vein and artery run between the 2nd and 3rd sacral nerves. Universe the panic that ease in the plexus normally split into flat and ventral divisions with the exception on the 3rd sacral. <\p>

Most Unrefined Sacral Screening Injuries <\p>

Spinal Levels of the Sacral Plexus

 4 major nerve plexuses are found, which - together with their peripheral nerves -

       are described below: 

        1.  Cervical plexus

            - arises from the ventral rami of C1 - C5

            - supplies muscles of the shoulder and neck

            - major motor branch is the phrenic nerve

                - arises from C3 - C5

                - innervates the diaphragm

            "The primary danger of a 'broken neck' is that the phrenic nerve may have been severed, leading to paralysis, cessation of breathing and death ..."

        2.  Brachial plexus

            - arises from ventral rami of C5 - C8, and T1

            - subdivides into 5 major peripheral nerves which are:

                1. Axillary nerve

                    - serves the muscles and skin of the shoulder, e.g. deltoid muscle

                    - damage causes paralysis and atrophy of deltoid

                2. Radial nerve

                    - large peripheral nerve which innervates all extensor muscles of the arm, forearm and hand; and all the skin along the way;

                    - e.g. triceps brachialis 

                    - damage causes wrist drop and inability to extend hand at wrist; 

                3. Median nerve

                    - runs down anterior of the arm

                    - supplies most of the flexor muscles in the forearm and several muscles in the lateral part of the hand;

                    - damage causes inability to pick up small objects due to decrease ability to flex and abduct thumb and index finger; 

                4. Musculocutaneous nerve

                    - innervates the arm muscles that flex the forearm and of the skin of the lateral surface of the forarm;

                    - damage leads to decreased ability to flex the forearm;

                5. Ulnar nerve

                    - runs down along the postero-medial surface of the arm;

                    - supplies the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle and all intrinsic muscles of the hand not served by the median nerve;

                    - damage causes typical "clawhand" with inability to spread fingers apart;

        3.  Lumbar plexus

            - arises from the central rami of L1 - L4;

            - innervates the lower abdominal region and the anteromedial thigh;

            - the largest nerve of this plexus is the femoral nerve;

                - innervates the anterior thigh muscles, lower abdomen, buttocks,  and the skin of the anteromedial leg and thigh;

                - damage causes inability to extend leg and to flex the hip;

            - another important nerve associated with this plexus is the obturator nerve;

                - innervates the adductor muscles of the medial thigh and small hip muscles; also serves the skin of the medial thigh and hip joint;

                - damage leads to inability to adduct the thigh;

        4.  Sacral plexus

                - arises from L4 - S4

                - peripheral nerves of this plexus innervate the buttock, the posterior thigh and virtually all of the leg and foot;

                - the major nerve of this plexus is the sciatic nerve;

                    - it is the largest nerve of the human body!

                    - travels through the greater sciatic notch of the hip bone down to the posterior thigh;

                    - innervates the lower trunk and the posterior surface of thigh and leg;

                    - damage leads to inability to extend hip and to flex the knee --> "sciatica"

                    - divides in the popliteal region into the:

                        1. Common fibular nerve

                            - innervates the lateral aspect of the leg and foot;

                            - damage leads to inability to dorsiflex the foot --> "footdrop"

                        and

                        2. Tibial nerve

                            - innervates the posterior aspect of the leg and foot;

                            - damage leads to inability to plantar flex and invert the foot --> "shuffling gait";

                    - another important nerve of this plexus is the superior and inferior gluteal nerve;