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A day after Chief Minister J Jayalalithaa announced various measures to ensure adequate and smooth supply of sand for construction works, 21 new sand quarries have been identified by the government on the Cauvery river, near Tiruchy and Karur. This follows closure of 27 quarries in the river as per the order of the Madurai Bench of Chennai High Court. PWD Minister  K V Ramalingam, speaking to Express on the sidelines of a function here recalled that the HC had ordered closure of quarries that are over 5 years old. To avoid sand shortage and check the rise in price of sand, the government has identified new quarries, he said. After getting permission from the environment ministry, the government will issue orders for them to start functioning. The Chief Minister  is keen to check the rise in price of sand and ensure adequate supply, he added. Jayalalithaa on Saturday announced measures on Saturday after chairing a meeting of senior ministers and top officials in Chennai. The Chief Minister had  said that all departments concerned and the District Collectors should ensure sand mining was done without affecting the environment. To avoid shortage of sand, new quarries should be identified immediately and take steps for getting the approval of the State Environment ImpactAssessment Authority, she had said. Only in Tamil Nadu , the river sand quarries are under government control. In other states, they are in private sector.

FRUSTRATING WAIT: Sand lorries waiting off the Tiruchi-Chennai Bypass Road for being sent to the quarry for loading. Sand loading has come down by 70 per cent in the district Sand price has gone up steeply in Tiruchi following the closure of six quarries in the district as per the directive of the Madras High Court. Of the 11 quarries that were functioning on the Cauvery and Coleroon rivers in the district, four quarries which were more than five years old, have been closed. Public Works Department has decided to close two others too in order to certain seek legal clarifications. Currently quarries are functioning only at Kondayampettai and Killikoodu on the Coleroon river and at Manamedu, Avoor and Sirugamani on the Cauvery river in the district. With all seven quarries in neighbouring Karur district too closed, there has been a heavy rush of lorries at the quarries that are currently functional here. According to sources in the PWD, sand loading has come down by 70 per cent from the normal loading of about 4,000 lorries a day in the district. With hundreds of lorries from Coimbatore, Salem, Tirupur and Erode, apart from Tiruchi, converging here, long queues are witnessed near the quarries and the highways. A large number of lorries from other districts could be seen parked on a huge ground near Ariyamangalam along the Tiruchi-Chennai Bypass Road and sent on queue from there. Many of these lorries were also parked along the service lanes of the bypass road causing traffic congestion. Local sand lorry operators complain of prolonged waiting time at the quarries. “Normally local lorries used to get at least one load a day; now most of the lorries are waiting for two to three days to get loaded leading to a sharp rise in our operational cost. We have no option but to pass on the burden to the consumer,” said an office bearer of Tiruchi District Sand Lorry Owners Association. As on Wednesday, four units of sand were being sold at Rs.7,000 in Tiruchi. Till Saturday, the same quantity was sold at Rs.4,500, he said. The government rate at the quarries is just Rs.624 for two units of sand. The average demand in the district is around 1,500 lorries every day. But currently, just about 500 lorry loads are available. Sand lorry operators in the district demand that local lorries be accorded priority at the sand quarries. Builders say that the sharp rise in the price was slowing down construction activity across the district. “The steep increase in the price of sand will definitely impact on the construction industry, which has to make provisions for an increase in construction cost. The problem should be sorted out and additional quarries should be opened,” says T.V.Murali, vice president, Confederation of Real Estate Developers Association of India (CREDAI), Tiruchi, and chairman of CII, Tiruchi zone. PWD sources indicated that steps were afoot to get the environment clearance to open up a few quarries in line with the court orders.

The dry Cauvery river bed in Tiruchi.

Dwindling population of two living microscopic organisms is the main reason Even as the Cauvery delta eco-system gets degraded, the future looks extremely painful as far as drinking water is concerned. One of the major aspects of the degradation is the dwindling population of two living organisms, which play a crucial role in potability of water, says Prof.K.V.Krishnamurthy, former head of department of botany, Bharathidasan University. Two microscopic organisms — phytoplankton and zooplankton – that eat decaying organic materials help the pH value of water. Water could be deemed acidic or alkaline depending upon this value and potability is determined by this, he adds. It is in the case of drinking water that civic associations like the Exnora International are worried. Its advisor V.Ganapathi points out that exploitation of groundwater along the banks of the Cauvery and the Coleroon has become very high. “From 50 feet to 60 feet depth, even on the banks of the rivers, the depth of the bore wells has now touched 100 feet. This type of exploitation of aquifers, especially when there are no flows at all, is not sustainable,” he asserts. Above all, the total quantity of water flowing in the rivers itself has come down. The Cauvery, which has seen more than 300 thousand million cubic ft (tmcft) during certain years, is now struggling to get 205 tmcft prescribed by the Cauvery River Disputes Tribunal. “It is quite unlikely that we are going to get even that much of water this year,” he observes. Besides, the flow in the rivers year-round has become a thing of the past. “Thus the quality of water will soon start going down. And potability is going to be a very big problem,” he laments. The Coleroon (flowing from Upper Anicut up to Kollidam - about 180 km), which has been the flood carrier, has deeper aquifers than the Cauvery. Thanks to over-exploitation of these aquifers, this water is not as potable as it used to be, he says. S.Balachandran, Deputy Director, Bombay Natural History Society, points out that birds are the indicators of the health of the ecosystem. “If huge wetlands were to dry up due to the loss of inflows in the Cauvery\Coleroon it will have severe impact on the natural ecosystem,” he asserts. While natural bird sanctuaries like Point Calimere are on the coastline, they have either sea water or brackish water. The Cauvery is the only fresh water source in the neighbouring areas. If neighbouring areas are cultivated, birds use these fields for roosting, nesting and feeding. Apart from the local bird population, migratory birds use these wetlands. For these birds, the wetlands are sort of a buffer zone. And they collect food from some other places. “If drought persists till October, migratory birds might shun these fields,” he cautions. He admits that Point Calimere bird sanctuary might get affected and other sanctuaries, including Karaivetti, Vaduvur (both used by the migratory birds for roosting), Udhayamarthandapuram and Kallaperumbalur, which are inland sanctuaries, would also suffer seriously. As sand is indispensable for retaining the capacity of the river to hold water, social activists led by advocate R.Nandakumar have sought a ban on sand quarrying in the Cauvery and the Kollidam river from Karur to Nagapattinam. According to Mr.Nandakumar, not only illegal quarrying of sand is taking place in Tamil Nadu but also illegal sand quarries have been set up. The quarries functioning in the Cauvery are more than five hectares. “It is not only hidden from the eyes of the public but also from the eyes of the court,” he alleges.

Conservation efforts at the nascent Kawal Tiger Reserve (KTR) in Adilabad district have received a fillip thanks to almost all tribal grama sabhas endorsing demarcation of the buffer area enveloping it. This development is complementary to the complete control gained on illegal sand mining from streams within the Reserve. Grama sabhas were held between August 7 and 9 in all the gram panchayats falling within the proposed buffer area of 1,123 sq km. Barring one grama sabha under Mangi in Tiryani mandal, tribal people approved of the proposal. The other big achievement of the Forest Department staff in terms of conservation at KTR is the stopping of sand mining from its streams. It took almost nine months for the Forest authorities to get sand suppliers to discontinue their practice. “More important than the loss of sand from the streams is the stopping of disturbance in the forests. As no tractor runs in the Kawal forests now, the wildlife here can exist in peace,” said Jannaram Divisional Forest Officer B. Rama Krishna Rao, as he went over the subject of achievement. Fresh sand deposits can now be seen in all the streams that were the subject of illegal mining since the last decade or so. The Rampur stream, the stream between Birsaipet and Alampalli, the Udumpur stream, the Dostnagar stream, all have sand deposited on their beds for the first time in many years. “We began with convincing local political leaders and sand businessmen of the need for conservation in the KTR and use of sand from quarries in Godavari river to fulfil local needs. Preventive measures included establishment of base camps and special parties to check illegal mining,” the DFO said . “This season onwards, seepage of water from the sand-filled rivers and streams will be on a higher scale. The lifting of groundwater levels will have a positive impact on availability of fodder and water for wild animals even in summer months,” he adds.

HYDERABAD: The supply of sand for construction sector is likely to improve with the Central Government approving Andhra Pradesh Government proposal for clearance of mining in 36 sand reaches. The Environmental Impact Assessment Authority under the Union Ministry for Environment and Forests has approved the State’s proposals to allow mining of sand in these 36 reaches identified and approved for sand mining in the State. The supply of sand was adversely impacted due to ban on sand mining activity following directives of the court. The State has also begun promoting use of rock sand. With the approvals, the State Mining Department would now be able to offer these sand reaches for development through an auction process.

At a time when the deteriorating health of Yamuna remains a major concern, the Uttar Pradesh government wants to allow mining in the river stream area. The state government is in the process of leasing out to a private firm on an area of about 23 hectares in the Yamuna stream in Pachaira village, in Ghaziabad's Loni block, for sand mining. The matter came to light when the mining department floated a fresh tender to lease out the area. According to official sources, the lease to the Delhi- based Mairoon Engineers and Consultants, which was carrying out mining in the area for the last three years, is proposed to be renewed till 2015. The stretch on which the state government has allowed mining extends along 15-20 km, close to the Delhi-Haryana border. With the government not paying enough attention, the sand mining in the highly eco-sensitive river bed continues unabated. Residents of Pachaira village, situated on the bank of the river, are furious but helpless. "Those who resisted mining were killed by the sand mafia," village head Satish Pradhan said. According to the locals, over 120 acres of highly fertile farmland was also rendered useless because of the illegal mining activities. "The miners create deep pits of up to 20 feet as against the 10 feet normally agreed to in their lease agreements. They employ JCB machines instead of using manual methods for digging out sand. During floods or rise in the river water level, when our farmlands are submerged, the earth caves in due to deep digging for mining," Pradhan said. He added, "The miners are allowed to lift sand only from the embankments, but they go as far as the middle of the river. Besides, they carry out mining round the year, including the monsoon season which is restricted." While the authorities claim that the majority of land on which the mining is to be carried out belongs to the gram sabha, the farmers say it is theirs. The farmers have now raised their objections at a public hearing conducted by the UP Pollution Control Board (UPPCB) on July 28. T. U. Khan, regional manager of the UPPCB, could not be reached for his comment. When contacted, Ghaziabad district magistrate Aparna U. said, "A public hearing was conducted for people...If anyone has any issues, we would examine them." The owner of the Mairoon Engineers, Satbir Chikara, said they would follow the norms while carrying out mining. "There are three courses of the river presently. We intend to mine in the safe zone, where there is no water. We had obtained the last lease as per norms and this time, too, we would follow the norms," Chikara said.

Point of contention 23 hectare is the area in the Yamuna stream in Pachaira village that the UP government is leasing out to Mairoon Engineers and Consultants for sand mining. 15-20 km is the stretch close to the Delhi-Haryana border that the state government has allowed mining in. 120 acre of fertile farmland was rendered useless because of illegal mining, locals claim.