I remember in 2007, 2008 when we had the recession, there were all of these very gloomy emails sent from a lot of venture capitalists, saying, Don't expect to get funded.'

These are serious problems in all of our major cities: homelessness, education, there are a number of them. And they require hard thinking and innovative solutions. But I think cities are so better off working with the business community towards joint solutions, rather than trying to tax them.

I would say that things like the head tax in Seattle I think are super dangerous for cities to implement. What company is going to want to start - or move to or grow in - a city that penalizes them for hiring full-time employees?

For me, it was valuable just to be able to watch how Jeff operated every day, as well as his leaders and his direct reports.

At Amazon, we are very careful about what big strategic bets we place, but the ones we make, we keep iterating until we find something that we think has resonance with customers.

What I did know from having started businesses before Amazon, as well as from my time at Amazon, was that when you are trying to do something new, it's really a waste of energy to spend a lot of cycles wondering whether it's going to be a success or not.

We started to consider what became Amazon Web Services between 2000 and 2003.

It's not a surprise to us that every large technology company is trying to build an offering like AWS' because it's such a good value proposition for customers.