#researchdevelopment

I have chosen the "Zine" brief for the Industry and Enterprise module to create work accordingly, as it's the most relevant brief to my current practice. I will research a concept and Zines in depth to make a proposal and timeline, relating to the learning outcomes.

Zines

"Women of Punk Zine" by Rebecca Kelly

Zines are usually non-commercial and homemade magazines created to gain recognition of a relevant topic. An individual or small group makes them and photocopies them into prints to hand out or share. A zine can convey various issues, such as political issues or a specific genre, like music, and contain poetry, interviews, art and collages. Artists and publishers create them to share an interest with the public, for others' interest, or to portray serious topics, like sexism, to spread awareness. No more than 1'000 copies of zines are produced, and fewer than 100 are sometimes published. Furthermore, zines are often free or have little cost, as the goal of a zine isn't to make money, but to convey a message, idea, story or topic.

Zines go against traditional and societal norms, as their origins come from a way of thinking, rather than a purpose or way to make a profit. The "Do it yourself" or "DIY" philosophy influenced the campaign and artists to create zines. When creating zines, people stray away from advanced technology and professional ways of working, as the DIY nature is more ethical, creative, original and a cheaper technique. Every zine has its own objective, rendering each one distinct, unlike commercialised literature. Moreover, zines are a documentation of dismissed or small communities that provide a chance to voice their beliefs, opinions and struggles. The first zines date back to the 1920s and 30s, marking the beginning of Science Fiction zines and comics. An example of early published zines is the "Little Magazines" created during the Harlem Renaissance by a black group attempting to express themselves and voice issues regarding racism. The creation of "Little Magazines", which developed into the creation of "Fire!!", influenced future people to create similar zines, specifically people who struggled to voice opinions due to being overlooked.

To this day, zines are still relevant and have been impactful throughout history in conveying various topics, ideas, and opinions. For example, zines played a significant role in the Punk movement and are considered part of the subculture. Due to their DIY nature, zines fit within Punk ideals and became accessible for the working class through copy machines and home printing. There are many ways to produce zines on your own. The most common way to make a zine is by creating your design on a sheet of paper and photocopying it using a printer provided by a local library or school. People often get inspiration from zines produced by bookstores, local zine fests, online (usually Tumblr or Instagram), or zine libraries within colleges. Moreover, zines can take many forms, shapes and sizes. The easiest zines to create are booklets made from folded printer paper and mini zines, created from folded eight pages. Zines can also be made digitally and gain recognition online.

References:

Zine - Wikipedia

Do it yourself - Wikipedia

A History of Zines | Book Riot

Timeline of Zine History - Zines and Self-Published Materials - Research Guides & Indexes at The Library of Virginia

How to make a zine - Scottish Book Trust

A Beginner's Guide to Making Zines

Women of Punk Zine :: Behance

Proposal

I chose the "Zine" brief for the Industry and Enterprise module, as I'm intrigued by its potential and view it as a significant opportunity. For this module, I will research Artificial Intelligence technology and its problems. I aim to bring light to AI within my zine and showcase its dangers to society and how to overcome them, creating a politically motivated zine. Moreover, I will outline AI technology's pros and cons, but emphasise the negatives to make people aware, and how many platforms use AI. To keep the zine's contents accurate and professional, I will interview classmates, friends, and family to illustrate different opinions from various backgrounds and practices.

Furthermore, while researching, I will source from reliable websites. I will visit local bookstores and zine libraries to research other production and working methods. I will create a large poster similar to my zine designs and related to AI to share my views with more people.

My zine will share similarities with zines created within the punk movement, like ideas, aesthetics, and mindset, prioritising a DIY way of working rather than digital. I will make a zine small enough to photocopy to showcase multiple printed copies at a college open day or event. To design the zine, I will relate to political and punk zines, and experiment with different compositions, colours and depictions to create an eye-catching cover. The zine will contain collages I've made using newspapers, magazines and related prints from online. Furthermore, I may use various printmaking techniques, such as lino or screen printing, to create an abstract feel to the zine. I will use bold lettering, especially on the cover, using handmade stencils made with a scalpel.

I aim to produce a zine for an artistic, political, and creative audience. After photocopying and finishing my zine, I will hand out the printed copies during one of the college open days and distribute them around the college, i.e. leaving them on tables. Furthermore, I will share my zine online to reach a wider audience, outlining where to access a copy in real life. Many online platforms that allow you to publish a zine cost money or use AI, rendering them inaccessible or contradictory. I will hang my zine poster in public, in places like a skatepark or with graffiti, to showcase my topic to a broader audience. My zine will be impactful as the topic of Artificial Intelligence is relevant in today's society, meaning the majority of people who come across my zine will relate to or find it helpful to read. AI is hard to avoid, whether online or in real life, and I will emphasise this within my zine using various artistic techniques. Furthermore, stressing the problems surrounding AI will force people to consider the influence AI has on their mindset, everyday life and modern society.

References:

Guide to Zine Publishing

Timeline

I will dedicate a minimum of 5 hours per week to practical work within the Industry and Enterprise module, meaning I should have completed the zine by week 8.

I will conduct research outside the 40-hour time frame, including professional research, prioritising at least 3 hours per week for this (not including travel time), relating to my topic, ensuring the contents within the zine are reliable and factual. Professional research refers to interviews and location visits (i.e., zine libraries). Furthermore, I will dedicate Fridays for this.

I will keep a log on this Tumblr, updating weekly, to record the hours I do.

Week 1 (20th Oct):

I should've already researched the basics of AI, to help me get started on my topic.

** Visit local bookstore in Larkhall (Friday the 24th), conduct research using books and photocopy (borrow books, use photocopier at home) **

Create a log to record hours completed per week, begin updating

Expand on researching AI basics (like the history, programming & purpose), and begin researching the pros, cons and dangers of AI outline phrases and facts you want in the zine

Find resources related to the topic to collage with, magazines, websites & books

research different types of zines, start experimenting with different scales and basis for a zine, best quality paper

Ensure you have completed a minimum of 5 hours for this week overall

Week 2 (27th Oct):

** Interview peers, friends and mum on opinions of AI, use post-it notes for everyone to make note of their opinions **

Using research, imagery and materials collected from the library, begin making collages relating to the topic

Decide on the type of zine you want to create (scale, number of pages, etc), and sketch out design ideas, create practice zines, photocopy

Begin creating lino prints relating to the research of pros, cons and dangers of AI, use collages to print on top

Research punk zines and the DIY mindset, reflect on research and why DIY is important

Week 3 (3rd Nov):

** Visit the Zine library in Glasgow on Friday the 7th of November, ask about zine publishing (take the train to Crosshill and walk, postcode: G42 8DN, hours: 12-6pm every Friday and Saturday)

take notes of related zines and books found in the zine library, using photos and reflections

begin making draft zines using the best sketch designs from last week, incorporating collages, lino prints and post-it notes from peers

reflect on best zine designs, and post-it notes from last week

continue researching punk zines and DIY mindset, expand by researching the punk movement, and DIY fashion

make a series of questions for interviews with classmates, friends and peers, using research of AI

Research problems with AI and how it effects daily life and society

Week 4 (10th Nov):

** Interview classmates, peers and friends more professionally by choosing the most opinionated/passionate and taking a note of what they say in a notepad, over a cup of coffee **

Reflect and post on Tumblr about the Zine library visit

Begin upscalling lino work to create a large poster, similar to zine designs,

Reflect on the most efficient materials, scales and designs from draft zines, and begin making more finished looking zines, focusing on attention to detail and perfectionism

outline the most eye-catching opinions from interviews and use quotes within zine

Reflect on how AI effects society and people's day to day lives emotionally, begin writing a brief regarding this (at least 500 words), referring to reliable sources (websites, books, etc)

Week 5 (17th Nov):

** Interview college lecturers and professional artists (specifically my aunt), and ask how AI affects them and relates to their creative practice, also ask lecturers about my zine work and how to improve **

Begin sketching and creating draft poster designs

continue creating zines, experimenting with colour and composition relating to a target audience (specifically a creative, left-leaning political people and artistic audience), and reflect on the best and most eye-catching designs

choose a final poster design, and go on local walks near the house and college, and take note of places where I can hang the poster, considering weather and environmental factors

Finish brief from last week, shorten it to the most hard-hitting and eye-catching sentences/phrases to fit within zine

Week 6 (24th Nov):

** ask peers, friends and mum how AI affects their day-to-day lives via post-it notes **

photocopy final zine designs in colour and black and white, use different types of paper to get high-quality prints, consider and take note of where to distribute them

create a post online via Instagram informing people when to collect the zines and create a digital design of zine (possibly another Tumblr, as it doesn't use AI)

create small posters, photocopy and experiment (i.e. collaging), consider distributing them or hanging them places, make stickers

Decide on a place to hang the large poster, and if outside, research ways to create a durable poster, like laminating

research different ways to create eye-catching art for political reasons, similar to advertisements and considering psychological factors, change final designs for zine if needed

Week 7 (1st Dec):

** Visit zine library on Friday the 5th, show professionals the zine and take note of feedback **

decide on a final front cover for zine, relating to last week's research

hand out draft zines to peers and take note of their opinions and feedback

reflect on best work and designs, decide on final poster and zine designs

Week 8 (8th Dec):

start a draft evaluation, relating to reflections, regarding process, i.e. what to work on in the future, challenges, etc

post a reminder via Instagram regarding where to access zines digitally, in the college, for the open day, etc, get friends to repost to gain a wider audience

make final touches to zine/poster/s and photocopy to hand out

Week 9 (15th Dec):

start distributing zines within college campus and other designated places, and hang poster/s up, referring to research

finish evaluation

make sure to upload all work onto Tumblr and hour log per week is accurate and updated

Week 10 (22nd Dec):

** Deadline 23rd of Dec **

Hand in all work, double check that everything on I&E Tumblr has been updated

Concept Research

AI basics: What is Artificial Intelligence?

Gen-AI: The Next Generation of Artificial Intelligence » SmartX Technologies

Artificial Intelligence, or AI, is a technology and science regarding computers that can learn and reason, similar to human intelligence. AI technology retains data that goes beyond how humans analyse. AI learns and retains information of various categories, like philosophy, science, statistics, psychology, etc. AI is for individual use, businesses and science, to improve the standard of living. Most AI technology is based on data and uses data to learn and improve by studying common tendencies, patterns and links that the average person would overlook. Creators of AI technology use algorithms and train AI to follow these algorithms, which include regulations to guide the decisions AI make and copy the way humans learn. Furthermore, algorithms are trained on labelled and unlabeled data. Unlabeled data consists of raw data, like pictures and audio, whereas labelled data is a log of data with information alongside it, i.e, a photo with a person's name and date of birth on it. The more data and information artificial intelligence has access to, the more it can learn and perform tasks more accurately.

There are various types of AI that use different algorithms and data and perform activities in varying ways. The four main types of AI are limited memory, reactive machines, theory of mind and self-aware technology. Reactive machines are the most basic types of AI, using preprogrammed regulations to react to various stimuli. Moreover, reactive machines don't use memory; therefore, they can't use new data to improve. This type of AI is used within everyday technology and is regarded as highly important in setting fundamentals within technology. For example, AI systems have been programmed into popular apps like Netflix to recommend movies and series based on an account's recent searches.

Limited memory AI is more advanced than reactive machine AI, using previous data and information to process and improve its capabilities over time. Furthermore, limited memory AI observes functionality, such as how a car can move, to find adaptable solutions to different categories. Limited AI is considered more refined as it's not essential for everyday technology, but it helps humans greatly. This technology is used to create virtual assistants and chat boxes to aid humans when encountering problems or to translate language.

Theory of mind and self-aware AI don't exist, but research and development are ongoing. Theory of mind AI is a step above limited memory AI, using artificial intelligence technologies to observe and understand the human mind and behaviours. Furthermore, this technology concentrates on a human's emotions, beliefs, and intentions. The intended function of theory of mind AI is for the technology to understand humans on a broader and higher level, improving human interaction with AI technology. An example of this type of technology being used effectively is in self-driving cars, picking up on audio, movement, etc, to calculate a car's speed, i.e. the technology may hear a group crossing the road ahead and will stop in time to avoid a collision. However, there are several risk factors surrounding the theory of mind AI, as considering humans on an emotional level will take time to perfect, due to its complexity. Moreover, errors during the learning stage of this technology would be more impactful and dangerous to humans, i.e. if a self-driving car doesn't correctly pick up on cues and causes a collision. Theory of mind AI has the potential to replace various jobs; women, young people, and part-time workers are at the highest risk.

Self-aware AI is more advanced than theory of mind AI, as the goal of self-aware AI is machine consciousness, making a form of technology aware of its existence. If achieved, self-aware AI could think like the average human and have similar emotional capabilities. This type of AI is considered to be the most intelligent AI, as it could be capable of performing and thinking better than humans. However, this technology, similar to the theory of mind AI, raises various concerns. Many types of AI go beyond the main four I mentioned, which use data and complete tasks in multiple ways. Other examples are deep learning, Computer Vision and Natural Language Processing.

Does the danger outweigh the benefits?

References:

Artificial Intelligence 101: The basics of AI everyone should know  - Work Life by Atlassian

What Is Artificial Intelligence (AI)? | Google Cloud

The difference between labelled and unlabeled data

Understanding the different types of AI

Which occupations are at the highest risk of being automated? - Office for National Statistics

Artificial consciousness - Wikipedia

What is the Purpose of Artificial Intelligence?

** considering everyday use, companies, etc

How does Artificial Intelligence affect us emotionally?

- Architecture Psychology

Architecture affects humans' daily lives in various ways, emotionally. The spaces we live within impact our moods, thoughts, and lifestyles. Architects often overlook the potential influences buildings and architecture have on people, possibly reducing the quality of life. However, scientists and psychologists like Ruth Dalton emphasise psychology's power within architecture, referring to architectural psychology or psychitecture. The brain regulates the body's systems, like the digestive, nervous, and immune systems, that allow us to survive, i.e, regulating oxygen levels to help breathing. Environmental factors, like our living spaces, emotionally affect people. People's emotional state can physically affect them, like heart rate, as the outlook on our environment is the brain's direct purpose.

Due to psychological studies, psychologists and architects have a better understanding of what architecture people are positively affected by. The psychological studies were undertaken through Android apps that ask people about their emotional state within urban environments, bracelets that track skin conductance (states psychological arousal), and headsets that follow brain activity regarding mental well-being and moods. Colin Ellard, who studies the impact of design at the University of Waterloo, Canada, found that building facades often affect people. Using bracelets that tracked people's emotions while walking in Manhattan, Ellard discovered that people are positively impacted if the building facade is intricate and engaging. However, if the facade is bland and simplistic, it negatively affects people. Complex architecture challenges the brain, emphasising engagement and liveliness. Furthermore, urban environments like cities require green spaces like parks, rivers or trees to improve people's mental state.

Overall well-being and mental health are essential, as studies have proven that a multitude of negative mental health issues within communities is more likely to increase crime rate, cultural segregation and inequality. Furthermore, architecture surrounds our daily lives, impacting people emotionally. Architectural psychology is crucial as it can improve the quality of life within cities, towns, villages and communities if used correctly.

References:

The hidden ways that architecture affects how you feel - BBC Future

Cusmano, D. (2021). Creating a Calm, Natural Healing Hub. https://core.ac.uk/download/596824741.pdf

The Power of Architectural Psychology | Truehome Design Build

- Art & Architecture: A Timeline

Prehistoric Art - ~40,000 to 4,000 B.C.

Found El Castillo, in Northern Spain

Historians can't definitively say that art or architecture came first; they most likely originated alongside each other, as architecture is a form of art, and humans would've built structures to survive within. Before written language was invented, humans had to find other means of communicating, and one of the ways of communicating was through art. During the early stages of mankind, humans used caves as shelter to sleep in. Archaeologists found the oldest documented art form in a cave in Indonesia, believed to be around 45,500 years old. Cave paintings often depicted wild animals, documentation of the world surrounding them and rituals. To create these works, people would use natural materials such as stone, charcoal and natural pigments from water and plants.

Ancient Art - 30,000 BC - 400 AD

Found in Ancient Egypt

Ancient art grew alongside communities growing faster, as architecture expanded within Egypt, Greece, Mesopotamia and Mesoamerica. Different cultures began to be depicted within artwork around the world due to the rise of religion, written language, social traditions and storytelling. Before the invention of the camera, artists had to find other means of depicting real-life scenarios, and that was through art. Many artists attempted to describe lived experience through art as a way of documentation. African art was one of the most influential cultural types of art, emphasising their tradition and rich culture. Ancient illustrations have influenced the art world since its organisation, inspiring artists in modern art. An example of this is Picasso, who was inspired by African masks presented in museums. During this period, architecture and art came hand in hand, as sculptures were created to depict self-expression or religious aspects, and could be referred to as both art and architecture. Art during this time was a means of self-expression, culture and communication.

Medieval Art - 500 AD to 1400 AD

Christ of Mercy between the Prophets David and Jeremiah (between c. 1495 and c. 1500) by Diego de la Cruz

After the fall of the Roman Empire, poverty began during the Middle Ages, and art mainly depicted the people who fought in war and those involved. Artwork during this time was also created to illustrate Christianity and other religions. Furthermore, Medieval art combines religious themes and depictions of the fall of the Roman Empire. Moreover, art was directly incorporated within architecture, often in churches or cathedrals, taking the form of engravings and stained glass windows. Religious concepts and the hardship of those involved in the Roman Empire's fall were depicted in manuscripts and books, like the Bible.

Gothic Art - 1100s to 1500s

"Adoration of the Magi" by Gentile da Fabriano (1423)

Gothic art started in Paris and spread across Western and Central Europe. It was a way of painting, sculpture, and architecture, and artists created artwork in the style now known as naturalism. Architecture during this period was more influential than art, as the style of architecture was unorthodox at the time. As mentioned in the architectural timeline, the word "Gothic" was used as a derogatory term, comparing unusual styles to the German goths when they have nothing to do with the architecture or art. Furthermore, the style is associated with dark and mysterious themes, rendering Gothic art and architecture a striking movement.

Renaissance Art - 1400 to 1700

"The birth of Venus" by Sandro Botticelli (1485–1486)

Renaissance art originated across Europe, with artists from different countries collaborating to combine themes from previous art styles, specifically ancient Rome and Greece. Artists during the Renaissance period used philosophy as a means of depicting concepts. Traditionally, art was used to emphasise class and status, but artists began using art to explore conceptual thinking and improve society. Renaissance art inspired architecture and was the first movement against traditional artistic norms, as artists studied human experience.

Baroque & Rococo Art - 1700 to 1800

"The Calling of Saint Matthew" by Caravaggio (1599-1600)

Baroque art had notable characteristics, rendering the period eye-catching and hard to miss. Artists within the Baroque period depicted dramatic, usually religious scenes, such as the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, using a high contrast of light and shadow. The technique used within the artwork of this period is chiaroscuro. On the other hand, Rococo art began in France and depicted carefree compositions, using pastel and natural colours. Rococo art paved the way for Romanticism.

Romanticism - 1780 to 1850

"Liberty Leading the People" by Eugène Delacroix (1830)

Romanticism came after Neoclassicism (1750 to 1850). Neoclassicism strived away from Rococo art and revived conceptual themes regarding Ancient Greek and Roman philosophies. Romanticism is a way of thinking, rather than a specific style, although it does include notable characteristics. Romanticism artists often depicted emotional compositions, emphasising the natural landscape over urbanisation and industrialisation. It contains psychological themes, relating to the psychology of architecture and how architecture and modern life affect human perception and emotions. Furthermore, Romanticism was a protest against modern technology and capitalism due to the belief that they reduce the quality of life. This could even be seen as a protest towards specific architecture, which is interesting. The Romanticism movement brought Realist art to life. Realism (1848 to 1900) depicted everyday life, and how commonly people strive for mundanity, when instead searching for the opposite is just as efficient, if not more. Realist art was an attempt at depicting the world around us in high detail, and can be compared to other movements that did the same, but in different ways (Baroque art). Realism focussed on this idea, and took it further.

Modern Art - 1860 to 1970

"The Scream" by Edvard Munch (1893)

Modern art marks the beginning of the age of conceptual thinking and abstraction, the link between art & architecture becoming weaker, yet still relevant.

Impressionism (1865 to 1885)

After the invention of the camera in 1816, people believed that art would become insignificant and eventually outdated, as art was usually used to document experiences and the world around us. Artists persevered and continued to create art, unwilling to let the camera replace art. Impressionism took the fundamentals of realist art and took them further. During the Impressionism movement, artists focused on everyday surroundings, like realism art, but depicted emotion within the artist and how they perceived the world rather than the surroundings. At this point, art strived away from the influence of architecture, although architecture is often seen as an art.

Post-Impressionism (1885 to 1910)

Post-Impressionism built on key ideas conveyed within the Impressionism movement, but took self-expression further. Artists during this period strived away from depicting what was in front of them, stripping back depictions to simpler ideals, such as colour. Art was becoming more abstract, as photography emerged, forcing artists to think outside the box. Major characteristics during the Post-Impressionism movement were vivid colours, visible brushstrokes and texture. Post-Impressionism and Impressionism have similar characteristics, rendering it hard to differentiate, until the beginning of the 19th Century, when it became more abstract.

Expressionism (1905 to 1920)

Music and architecture were advancing quickly; artists during this time expressed their views and feelings surrounding society and how it was changing. Expressionism took Post-Impressionism further by making art more abstract, focusing on shape and rejecting 3-dimensional depictions. Furthermore, Expressionism was a protest against traditional artistic norms, such as the fundamentals of Realist art and a reaction to it.

Cubism (1907 to 1914)

Cubism was similar yet different from Expressionism. Cubism was a protest and reaction to Realism ideals, yet it took a different approach. Artists often depicted geometrical shapes to illustrate 3-Dimensional realities, emphasising a sense of abstraction.

Dadaism (1912 to 1923)

Dadaism built the fundamentals for avant-garde artists, art and movements. The avant-garde is associated with challenging behaviours that push traditional beliefs and boundaries, such as religion. Furthermore, it means depicting essential topics, such as political warfare. Dadaist artists challenged every traditional artistic norm to create thought-provoking work, often depicting political beliefs. Moreover, art within this period was usually left-leaning politically, developing the fundamentals of anarchism.

Bauhaus (1920 to 1925)

Originating in Germany, the Bauhaus movement was created by architect Walter Gropius. Bauhaus art shares characteristics of Cubist art, often being geometric and abstract in style, but used individuality with mass production.

Surrealism (1917 to 1950)

Surrealism combines artistic techniques and psychology, often surrounding the subconscious. The surrealist movement was created by Andre Breton, and the artwork created during this period was extremely thought-provoking. Artists usually depicted compositions based on dream-like scenarios or theories to create contrasting work that challenged the viewer. Characteristics included those from previous art periods, like the Baroque period, to emphasise hyper-realistic scenes using shadow and light. However, artists would juxtapose the realism depicted by illustrating unusual objects or scenes.

Abstract Expressionism (1940 to 1950s)

Abstract Expressionism took the concept that the surrealists came up with, that art can be created spontaneously from the subconscious. Artists within this movement took a different approach, using various ways of working to depict multiple ideas, emotions and topics such as sculpture. Furthermore, artists manipulated their environment, steering away from the restriction of solely based canvas work.

Pop Art (1950s to 1960s)

Art began to be commercialised in war propaganda, adverts and magazines. Pop art was a movement that used similar approaches to commercial art, such as printers to mass produce, but also used such techniques to create political artwork. It's identical to comic art styles, using bright and cartoon-like illustrations.

Minimalism (1960s to 1970s)

Minimalist art was a reaction to Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art. Artists during this period stripped back ideals and self-expression and focused on the artwork alone, without symbolism or meaning. Furthermore, it emphasises simplicity, the lack of meaning, and the potential these ideas impose. Minimalist art has received backlash and is heavily criticised, but the provocation is the goal.

Conceptual Art (1960s to 1970s)

Conceptual Art focuses on an artwork's idea, process or material, rather than a finished design or form. The concept or idea is the artwork. Artists within this movement depict abstraction using various thought-provoking techniques, such as repeatedly presenting an activity and documenting the activity in an exhibition space. Conceptual art is still relevant today, as people quickly judge the movement due to a lack of open-mindedness and understanding. Many conceptual artists create artwork to this day, and the movement has influenced artists for years to come, exploring different techniques and topics.

Contemporary Art - 1970 to Present

"Bird on Money" by Jean-Michel Basquiat (1981)

Contemporary art often gets mixed up with modern art, and is defined by art created from the 1970s until now. Art and artists within this period continuously evolve, rendering it unpredictable, as humans are currently living within the era, making it hard to differentiate a specific style.

References:

Art History Timeline — A Guide to Western Art Movements

Archaeologists Have Discovered a Pristine 45,000-Year-Old Cave Painting of a Pig That May Be the Oldest Artwork in the World

Gothic art | Medieval Architecture, Sculpture & Painting | Britannica

Number one Research and Development for cosmetics products 2022

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Our impressively talented team of chemists helps you produce the right and effective formulations tailor-made for your target customers. In the whole process, considering the safety, stability, and longevity of the private-label products is a crucial step to ensuring the brand's good reputation. When starting a new business, things can feel overwhelming, and it’s easy to get put off by the complexities involved, but that doesn’t have to be the case for you. With the right help from the right people, you can see your business soar to new heights! We help our clients with everything: cosmetic research and development, skincare research and development, and personal care research and development.

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Stem Cells Have Increased #Exponentially Over The Past Few Years

Product Research and Development is the initial stage in an industry that allows you to research while making the product. This stage represents and decides your future result. The more effectively you perform research, the better will be your product’s result