#q fever

Know More About Q Fever:

The Q fever was first found in Australia in 1935 and the United States during the 1940s as an authority human sickness. The "Q" in Q fever alludes to "inquiry" which was given when the reason for the illness was obscure.

Symptoms of Q Fever:

Non-useful hack Muscle throbs Spewing, sickness, Or the runs Chest torment

Treatment for Q fever:

A great many people who are contaminated with Q fever microscopic organisms bit by bit recuperate without anti-toxin treatment inside a couple of days. Nonetheless, it is suggested that individuals with Q fever infection can be restored with anti-microbials like doxycycline.

Review on Q Fever: Epidemiology, Public Health Importance and Preventive Measures by Gizaw Mekonnen* in Open Access Journal of Biogeneric Science and Research (JBGSR)

Summary

Q fever is worldwide zoonotic disease which is caused by obligate intracellular gram-negative bacteria, called Coxiella burnetii. Q fever is air born disease and thus inhalation is considered as primary mode of transmission in both animal and human, sometimes through ingestion they may be infected and ticks play essential role in transmission. The agent is spread a long distance through the wind. The geographical distribution of Q fever is worldwide except New Zealand. The main reservoirs for human infections are cattle, goat, sheep, and pets and ticks are the natural primary reservoir for animal. Coxiella burnetii in ruminant cause reproductive problems like miscarriage, infertility and reduced milk production. The organism can be found in the milk, urine, feces placenta and birth fluids of animals. The airborne transmission of C. burnetii associated with its highly resistance to environments and the ability to easily produce huge quantities of C. burnetii in the after birth of aborted ewes or goats have led to classify C. burnetii as a Category-B, biological terrorism agent. The incubation period of Q fever is depending on the size of infectious. The recommended treatment for ruminant administering two injection of Oxytetracycline during the last month of gestation, also Doxycycline is the best drug. C. burnetii can be reduced in the farm environment by regular cleaning and disinfection of animal facilities. Q fever is global health problem and it is an OIE notifiable disease. Q fever is one of infectious disease which is considered as being having economic and public health importance in Ethiopia. Therefore, awareness creation and, application of prevention and control method has paramount importance in reduce the hazardous effect of this disease.

Abbreviations: SCV: Small cell variant; LCV: Large cell variant; CFSPH: Central food security public Heath; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; IFA: Indirect fluorescent antibody; OIE: Office international des Epizooties

Introduction

Q fever is a serious zoonotic disease caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii and it is presumed to be one of the most widespread zoonosis in the world. The disease has known since the 1930s and has a worldwide distribution, with the exception of the Antarctica and possibly New Zealand [1]. The disease first identified in Queensland, Australia, in 1935, after an outbreak of febrile illness among slaughterhouse workers [2]. Some authors suggested that the Q stood of Queensland, the state in which the disease was first founds [3], but after testing all those who were affected and could not arrive at a diagnosis from the patients’ history, physical examination, and a few investigations, Derrick termed the illness “Q” for Query fever, because its etiopathogenesis was not known at the time [4]. It also known by several synonyms such as Abattoir fever, Australian Q fever, Balkan influenza, Coxiellosis, Nine-mile fever, and Pneumorickettsiosis [5].

Domestic animals such as cattle, sheep and goats are considered as the mainreservoir for the pathogen which can infect a large variety of animals, humans, birds, and arthropods [5]. Q fever is a mainly airborne zoonosis; infection is most acquired by breathing infectious aerosols or contaminated dust [6]. Infection can occur also in individuals not having direct contact with animals, such as persons living along a road used by farm vehicles or those handling contaminated clothing. The infection result from inhalation of endospores and from contact with the milk, urine, feces, vaginal mucus or semen of infected animals [7]. The pathogen is highly resistant to adverse physical conditions and chemical agents, so it can survive for months and even years in the environment which create conducive condition for infection [8].

Q fever is frequently asymptomatic, in sheep and goats it causes abortion, stillbirth, premature delivery, and delivery of weak offspring and in cattle and camel may develop infertility, metritis, and mastitis [9]. The majority of human coxiella burnetii infections are asymptomatic, especially among high-risk groups such as veterinary and slaughterhouse workers, other livestock handlers, and laboratory workers [10]. In more recent dates Q fever is classified as a “Category “B” critical biological agent” by the Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) and is considered a potential weapon for bioterrorism [11]. The disease so is considered has having public health concern throughout the worldalongside with its economic importance. On top this, although Qfever is an OIE notifiable disease, it remains poorly reported and its surveillance is frequently severely neglected [12]. Review of the disease epidemiologic status, public health significance is lacking in different countries, including Ethiopia.

Therefore, the objectives of this seminar paper are: i. To overview Q Fevers Epidemiology, Public health importance, and preventive measures ii. To highlight current status of Q fever in Ethiopia

History of Q Fever

Q fever was first described in 1935 by Edward Holbrook Derrick [2] in abattoir workers in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The “Q” stands for “query” and was applied at a time when the causative agent was unknown; it was chosen over suggestions of “abattoir fever” and “Queensland rickettsial fever,” to avoid directing negative connotations at either the cattle industry or the state of Queensland [13]. Derrick inoculated guinea pigs with blood or urine from the "Q" fever patients. The guinea pigs became febrile. Derrick was unable to isolate the agent responsible for the fever so he sent a saline emulsion of infected guinea pig liver to Macfarlane Burnet in Melbourne. Burnet was able to isolate organisms, which "appeared to be of rickettsia nature" [7].

Q fever is a disease caused by the bacteria known as Coxiella burnetii. Cattle, sheep, and goats are known as the primary reservoirs. These microbes are excreted in milk, birth fluids, urine, and feces of infected animals and can survive for long periods in the environment.

Infection of humans usually occurs by inhalation of these organisms from air. Other modes of transmission include tick bites, ingestion of unpasteurized milk or dairy products.

In less than 5% of cases, the affected people with acute Q fever infection develop a chronic Q fever.

Symptoms

Most of the time, people infected with Q fever never show symptoms.

If you do have symptoms, those include:

High fever, up to 105 F (41 C)

Severe headache

Chills

Cough

Nausea

Fatigue

Vomiting

Diarrhea

Sensitivity to light

Risk factors for chronic Q fever

People with heart valve diseases, blood vessel abnormalities, compromised immune systems, or impaired kidney function are at higher risk of eventually developing the more deadly form of Q fever.

Complications

A Q fever recurrence can affect the heart, liver, lungs, and brain, giving rise to severe complications, such as:

Endocarditis

Acute respiratory distress

Pregnancy complications

Liver damage

Meningitis

Diagnosis

Q fever is diagnosed with one or more blood tests, along with some additional tests if chronic Q fever is suspected.

1. Lab tests

Blood to check for antibodies to the Coxiella burnetii antigen and evidence of liver damage.

2. Imaging tests

A chest X-ray is performed as Q fever can cause pneumonia in some people.

3. Echocardiography

If chronic Q fever is suspected, an echocardiogram is performed to check for problems with heart valves.

Treatment

The condition Q fever is treated with the antibiotic doxycycline. The duration of the therapy depends on acute or chronic Q fever. In the case of an acute infection, antibiotic treatment lasts for two to three weeks.

For those with chronic Q fever, a combination of antibiotics are prescribed for at least 18 months.

Mild or non- symptomatic cases of acute Q fever often get better without any treatment.

For people with Q fever endocarditis, may require surgery to replace damaged heart valves.

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Q Fever - Pipeline Review, H2 2016

Summary Global Markets Direct's latest Pharmaceutical and Healthcare disease pipeline guide Q Fever - Pipeline Review, H2 2016, provides an overview of the Q Fever (Infectious Disease) pipeline landscape.

Q fever, also called query fever, is a bacterial infection caused by the bacteria Coxiella burnetii. Common symptoms of Q fever include high fever, cough, headache, diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, jaundice and muscle pain. Risk factors include occupations. Treatment includes antibiotics.

Report Highlights Global Markets Direct's Pharmaceutical and Healthcare latest pipeline guide Q Fever - Pipeline Review, H2 2016, provides comprehensive information on the therapeutics under development for Q Fever (Infectious Disease), complete with analysis by stage of development, drug target, mechanism of action (MoA), route of administration (RoA) and molecule type. The guide covers the descriptive pharmacological action of the therapeutics, its complete research and development history and latest news and press releases.

The Q Fever (Infectious Disease) pipeline guide also reviews of key players involved in therapeutic development for Q Fever and features dormant and discontinued projects. The guide covers therapeutics under Development by Companies /Universities /Institutes, the molecules developed by Companies in Preclinical stages are 3 respectively. Similarly, the Universities portfolio in Phase II and Preclinical stages comprises 1 and 1 molecules, respectively.Q Fever.

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