#programmable logic

Bus Translation

Through the 1990s, home computers made a slow transition from 5 volt logic to 3.3 volt logic (and continued down from there). The PowerPC 403, introduced in 1994, is a good example of this transitionary period. The CPU core itself runs at 3.3V, but it supports both 3.3V and 5V logic.

Since 3.3V peripherals are more common today, my plan was to use this as an opportunity to start making that shift from 5V to 3.3V myself. My initial minimal functional build used 3.3V ROM and RAM. And my plan was to use an FPGA (3.3V I/O) for generating video and interfacing with an SD card (also 3.3V I/O).

Then I found some fun new old stock video chips on eBay, and a poll on Discord encouraged me to lean in hard with the S3 ViRGE — a 5V part. My 3.3V ROM & RAM are not going to appreciate the 5V signals coming from the data bus on the ViRGE, so I'll need some level-shifting bus transceivers. This will section off my data bus into a 3.3V bus and a 5V bus.

Being an embedded processor, PowerPC 403GA has a lot of nice features for making it easy to interface with peripheral chips. But I'll be using the ViRGE chip configured for VESA Local Bus — a bus that is pretty tightly coupled with the Intel 386/486 bus. Most control signals between the two should be compatible, but I will need some additional glue logic to handle the VLB Address Strobe & Ready signals as well as logic to enable the level-shifting bus transceivers. So ultimately I'll end up with the 3.3V PPC403 bus and something approximating the 5V VLB.

I have a spare ATF22V10C programmable logic device that should work well for the minimal glue logic I'll need to connect my 3.3V bus to my 5V bus. These Atmel PLDs are programmed with CUPL, a minimal logic description language I've only used once before on my Wrap030 8-port serial card. It's not terribly difficult, but does require some detailed knowledge of the inner workings of the PLD's logic cells (for instance, I had to rework my logic after realizing all registers share the same reset & preload signals).

I used logisim to help plan out what logic I needed. The Address Strobe generation was the trickiest part; I needed to make sure it would only be asserted for one clock cycle at the beginning of the bus transaction. After a few revisions, I had something that would compile without error. I even learned how to use WinSim, the PLD simulator companion to WinCUPL.

Everything looked right in the simulation, but there are some quirks in how active-low signals are handled in CUPL and in WinSim. I wasn't entirely sure I had gotten my signal polarity configured properly. Simulations are great, but sometimes nothing will quite beat hard testing with a row of switches and a small forest of LEDs.

At human testing speeds of sub-1Hz, everything looks to be working as expected!

A newbie's introduction to #CUPL and #CPLDs

When you’re dealing with computer logic, things can get very complicated very fast. This is especially true when it comes to address decoding. You can easily find yourself tangled in a messy web of AND, OR, NAND and NOR gates. And there’s a problem you can run into when stringing together a bunch of logic gates – propagation delay. It takes a measurable amount of time for a chip to convert input…

A dehumidifier is a machine that removes excess moisture from the air. An 

industrial dehumidifier is built to be transported and used in several hard-wearing locations.

Commercial and industrial dehumidifiers will reduce mold, condensation dripping from pipes or windows, and eliminate musty smells.

APPLICATIONS WHERE DEHUMIDIFIER MACHINESARE USED:

PHARMACEUTICAL

Moisture control is a great concern in the pharmaceutical industry from product manufacturing to packaging, and from shipping to storage. Some applications for humidity and moisture control in pharmaceuticals relate to microbiological considerations, while many applications relate to processing in order to achieve correct moisture levels that will facilitate the filling of capsules, tablet forming, and packaging.

For example, gelatin capsules are often monitored closely for moisture content to allow them to be sufficiently supple for filling without cracking or breaking in the manufacturing process. Effervescent powder manufacturers must maintain tight control of the plant's humidity in order to avoid moisture regain in the powder.

AUTOMOTIVE

Dehumidifier machinesallow the automotive industry to maintain temperature and humidity, even to the most precise specifications and are used in a variety of applications.   Complete cars, engines and parts are subjected to a large degree of testing in environmental chambers and wind tunnels. It enables automotive manufacturers to simulate any environmental condition with dehumidification systems that can deliver dryair.

FOOD INDUSTRY

Use of dehumidifiers is able to create the best conditions to convey, cool, freeze, dry and cure foods, right through to packing and storage. This guarantees consistent quality, cost savings and increases throughput.

Exact regulation of temperature and humidity is necessary in the production of many foods. The external climate may vary but, in the production process, the climate must be constant. From production processes such as pasta cutting, conveying belts, tunnel freezers, blast freezers, spiral freezers or cold stores, to sugar silos conditioning, product transportation and storage, it is possible to achieve important cost savings, by simply mastering the relative humidity of the air around us. 

THE CUSTOMER

Our customer is a manufacturing company supplying Desiccant Dehumidification air handlers in commercial and industrial markets. It is their mission to provide customers with high quality, energy efficient products, while striving for correct application of products to their customers' needs.

KEY FEATURES OF THEDEHUMIDIFIERMACHINE

Ø  Maximized dehumidifier air flow capabilities with very high and consistent performance levels

Ø  PLC based control choice

Ø  G4 grade filters on both air systems

Ø  Robust industrial duty structural frame and panel design

Ø  Highly compact design

Ø  Reduced installation time on site

Ø  Supply Fan with frequency control 

THE SOLUTION

Messung engineers studied the machine and its requirements, and came up with a solution consisting of

·         NX-ERA XPRESS XP325 PLC controller

·         4.3 inches HMI

The dehumidifier control system based on a PLC, which comprises a programmable logic controller, a transmitter, a signal input part, a contactor, anHMI and an extended communication module. Control instructions can be obtained from a digital input terminal of the PLC, the HMI or a top level computer. The system running state can be displayed on a digital output terminal of the PLC and the HMI.

The acquired humidity and temperature signals are converted into usable frequency signals and accessed to a PLC high-speed counting input terminal which performs timer counting for obtaining a sampling value.

The HMI and the extended communication module facilitate the realization of local monitoring and controlling as well as remote computer monitoring and controlling on the dehumidifier control system.

The dehumidifier control system which has the advantages of low cost, convenient use, flexible programming, high reliability, strong anti-interference performance, powerful Human-machine interface functions as well as powerful communication functions is easy to integrate in an on-site bus control system as an intelligent node. 

THE BRAIN OF THE SYSTEM: NX-ERA XPRESS

NX-ERA Xpress is a powerful mini PLC(Programmable Logic Controller) developed by Messung, leading micro PLC manufacturer - for entry-level applications. Packed with advanced features, NX-ERA Xpress micro PLC delivers high-speed processing power in a compact design with embedded I/O. The micro PLC system can be easily expanded through CANopen using the Remote I/O Modules - a great advantage for OEMs with needs of small, scalable applications.

Features of NX-ERA Xpress:

·         High density I/O both Digital & Analog

·         Programming by Codesys® - IEC 61131 based software

·         Ethernet Port - TCP/IP, Modbus TCP/IP

·         Inbuilt Webserver

·         Industry 4.0 ready - OPC-UA, MQTT features

·         RS-485 port with Modbus RTU Master protocol

·         CANopen Master/Slave protocol

·         SCADA and HMI interfaces available

·         Built in HTML web server

BENEFITS FOR THE CUSTOMER

Programming and configuration environment based on IEC 61131-3 standard: the global standard in programming languages for programmable controllers

Safety:It uses only a minimal amount of power and has safety features to protect you in case it overheats or overturns. Condensate dehumidifiers are used in refrigerators to collect water, called condensate, which is normally grey wool and can be reused over time for industrial purposes.

Conformal Coating: ensures integrity even in harsh environments.

Savings:If you can reduce your air conditioning use by only an hour a day because of the action of a dehumidifier, you will save around INR1520 a day… and you will probably manage to reduce your use much farther. Air conditioning systems do reduce humidity through their action of absorbing moisture onto the evaporator coils.

THE OUTCOME:

Ø  The PLC control system allows significant advances and improvements in the processes of industries, mainly in areas that demand greater control and environmental air efficiency.

Ø  Industrial Automation of Air quality has evolved and provided an increasing number of techniques to control temperature, humidity and removal of polluting waste industrial environments. 

Ø  The PLC is used as a reference for PID control. This information is important to the user to know how is the operation of the equipment and make necessary changes according to the need of the process. 

Ø  High reliability:  Very reliable for continuous and steady operation with constant air purity. Plant availability time is better than 90 - 95% always. 

Ø  The only utilities required iselectrical power. Smart control of humidity ensures energy savings. 

Need a made-to-order industrial automation solution for your industry? There’s no-one better than Messung for customised yet cost-effective industrial automation solutions tailored for your specific application. Messung is the pioneer of indigenous PLCs and leading PLC manufacturer in India.It also offers the latest SCADA applications, VFD drives and servo drives.

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) Market Research Report 2018

GMD predicts the global cumulative revenue of PLC solutions will reach $156.81 billion during 2018-2025, driven by a growing adoption of PLC systems and controls in various industry verticals. Highlighted with 59 tables and 73 figures, this 173-page report Global Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) Market by Architecture, Product, Industry Vertical and Region 2014-2025: Segment Analysis, Trend…

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