Study on Melt Structure and Viscosity Properties of CaO-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-TiO2-FeO-Cr2O3 system
The viscosity and structure properties of CaO-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-TiO2-FeO-Cr2O3 system are investigated to illuminate the melt properties of Cr2O3-bearing BF vanadium slag. The viscosity decreases to 1.5 Pa·s at the temperature above 1565 K for the CaO-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-TiO2 system, the polymerization degree is low due to the main structures of silicate and as monomer. With the introduction of 1.5 wt% Cr2O3 and 5 wt% FeO into CaO-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-TiO2 system, the viscosity significantly increases and decreases to 1.5 Pa·s until temperature beyond 1640 K due to that part of the chromium forms spinels, and the polymerization degree is drastically enhanced. With further increasing 10 wt% FeO into the CaO-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-TiO2-1.5wt% Cr2O3 system, the viscosity decreases and is 1.5 Pa·s at about 1620 K, the polymerization degree deceases and spinels disappear to improve the viscosity of slag. In general, when existing an amount of FeO and TiO2 in the slag, the polymerization degree and the viscosity decrease due to a decrease of as a chain structure and an increased number of discrete Si-O-Ti and Ti-O-Ti structures. But the polymerization degree drastically increases with Cr2O3 introduction due to the formation of Cr-O-Cr in chain structures and the high melting-point spinels to increase the viscosity of the system.
Keywords:Cr2O3-bearing BF vanadium slag; viscosity; polymerization degree; structure
Vanadium, as one of the most important alloying elements, is widely used in metallurgy, chemical engineering and aerospace due to its ability to enhance mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, hardness, and fatigue resistance [1-4]. With the gradual increase of special steel production in the 21st century, vanadium demand is rapidly increasing due to that 85% vanadium is added as alloying elements in the special steels used in automobiles, ships and spacecraft [5-7]. Natural vanadium mainly exists as vanadium-titanium magnetite (VTM), which is one kind of characteristic resource in China, South Africa, Russia, and America [8-10]. Generally, VTM is reduced in a blast furnace to produce vanadium-bearing hot metal, which is then pre-oxidized in a vanadium-extraction converter (VEC) by blowing oxygen to obtain semi-steel and vanadium-bearing slag, and then the vanadium-bearing slag is treated by the sodium roasting and leaching to obtain V2O5 [11,12]. With the gradual consumption of high quality VTM, the low-grade chromium-bearing VTM (namely Hongge type V-bearing titanomagnetite, with an approximate composition of 45.5 wt% TFe, 10.6 wt% TiO2, 0.4 wt% V2O5, and 0.2 wt% Cr2O3)[8,11,12] has caused much attention and is beginning to be used by industrial production. It is reported that the proven reserves of Hongge type V-bearing titanomagnetite are over 2.0 billion tons only in Panxi and Chengde regions of China [10-12]. However, when existing Cr2O3 in the raw materials, the softening and melting properties of pellet and sinter, the properties of the slag (such as the melting temperature, viscosity, molten structure) significantly change during the vanadium-reduction process, which can change the position of the cohesive zone and dropping zone in the BF and deteriorate the dynamics condition to affect permeability index, coke ratio, the yield ratio of elements as well as BF smooth operation [13-18]. Therefore, studying the influence of Cr2O3 on the properties of CaO-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-TiO2-FeO-Cr2O3 system slag is very crucial to understand the change of the physicochemical properties in cohesive zone and dropping zone for improving the smelting technology and the yield ratio of elements during the vanadium-reduction process from the chromium-bearing VTM in the BF [19-23].
Many studies on the properties of the slag with CaO-SiO2-TiO2 system have been carried out to promote the use of VTM in blast furnaces.[23,23] The properties of FeO-SiO2-V2O3-TiO2-Cr2O3 systems have also been reported to study the effect of Cr2O3 and TiO2 on the yield of vanadium during the vanadium-extraction process in the converter.[3,4] Besides, the Al2O3-CaO-Cr2O3 system has been studied to obtain a high yield ratio of chromium during stainless steel smelting [24-28]. However, few studies on the properties of the slag with CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-TiO2-FeO system, especially the Cr2O3-bearing system slag of CaO-MgOSiO 2-Al2O3-TiO2-FeO-Cr2O3 have been reported. Meanwhile, the composition of Cr2O3-bearing BF vanadium slag is different from that of converter slag and traditional blast furnace slag (Table 1), which leads to the different physicochemical properties of the slag [29,30]. With the increase of TiO2 and Cr2O3 in the slag, spinels can form and strongly affect physicochemical properties of BF slag such as melting temperature, viscosity and crystallization ability, which will cause instability and even problems during the smelting process. The physicochemical properties of melts strongly depend on the structure characteristics which are closely related to the polymerization degree of melts. Thus, it is necessary to study the structure properties of the chromium-bearing BF vanadium slag to expound the relation between macroscopic characteristic and microscopic structure, which is benefit to improving the smelting process of the low-grade chromium-bearing VTM. Therefore, in this study, the viscosity and structure of the CaO-MgO-SiO2- Al2O3-TiO2-FeO-Cr2O3 system with different contents of Cr2O3 and FeO are investigated using the rotating cylinder method and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. The purpose of this study is to illuminate the structure information of the Cr2O3-bearing BF vanadium slag and establish its relationship with the viscosity of slag for optimizing the vanadium-reduction process [25,31,32].
Reagent grade powders of CaCO3(>99.50 wt%), MgO(>99.50 wt%), Al2O3(>99.50 wt%), Cr2O3 (>99.50 wt%), FeC2O4(>99.50 wt%), TiO2(>99.50 wt%), and high purity SiO2(>99.99 wt%) are used as raw materials. These seven kind powders are dried at 473 K for 4 hours in a drying oven to remove moisture, and then are well mixed in ball mill in the required proportion according to the actual components of the Cr2O3-bearing BF vanadium slag as shown in (Table 2) (with external adding of FeO and Cr2O3). Then the mixed powders are pressed into tablet samples and heated at 1823 K for 2 h in a corundum crucible to prepare pre-melted slag under Ar gas flowing atmosphere (purity of 99.999vol%, a flow of 400ml·min-1). After heating, a sample is rapidly taken out from the furnace and quenched by water to avoid the oxidation of elements during the cooling process. In addition, during the heating process, the sample is held at 873 K for 1 h and 1073 K for 1 h to decarburize FeC2O4 and CaCO3.
After completion of the pre-melting process, 150 g of the pre-melted sample is put into a corundum crucible and heated in a rotatory viscometer under high-purity Ar gas [29,30]. When reaching the target temperature, it is maintained for more than 30 min to homogenize the molten slag. Subsequently, the molybdenum bob is immersed in liquid slag for 10 mm and rotated at a fixed speed of 180 r/min, the viscosity of slag is measured at different temperatures (with temperature step of 5 K) during temperature dropping process. The schematic illustration of a rotatory viscometer and the dimension of crucible and a molybdenum bob are shown in Figure 1. In addition, calibration measurements of the apparatus are carried out at room temperature using a standard oil of known viscosity before measuring the viscosity [33,34]. In order to clarify the effects of Cr2O3 and FeO on the structure characteristics of the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-TiO2-FeO- Cr2O3 system slag, 8 g of the pre-melted slag is placed in a corundum crucible (with inner diameter of 15 mm and height of 20 mm) for molten state in a resistance furnace at approximately 1823 K for 2 hours under high-purity Ar gas, and then a sample is also quenched in water to form the homogeneous glass. In addition, the samples are rapidly taken out from the furnace and quenched by water. The whole process of taking out sample and quenching takes less than 5 s and water temperature is lower than 298 K to avoid any precipitation in glass phase during the cooling process [35].
The quenched slags are characterized by mineralogical phases, microstructures, and structural properties. The mineralogical phases are examined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD; X’pert PRO, PANalytical, Netherlands) using Cu Kα1 radiation (λ=1.5406 Å) with a step of 0.02° (2θ) and scanning rate of 2° min-1 in a range of 10° to 90°. The microstructures, as well as a compositional analysis of the phases in the samples, are determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM; SSX-550, Shimadzu, Japan) with an attached energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX). The structural properties are analyzed by Raman spectroscopy (Horiba Jobinyvon HR800) using an excitation wavelength of 633 nm with the laser power of 2 mw at room temperature in the frequency range of 50-2000 cm-1. To be reminded, five different sites in a sample are tested to verify the accuracy of the results. In addition, the spectra of Raman are fitted by assuming Gaussian line shapes for the peaks of different structural units.
Viscosity Property of Slags with CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgOTiO 2-FeO- Cr2O3 System
The curves of viscosity versus temperature with different contents of Cr2O3 and FeO are shown in Figure 2. It is observed that the viscosity of all the samples first decreases rapidly and then decreases gradually with increasing the temperature, and finally it is close to a constant value. Due to that Cr2O3-bearing BF vanadium slag is low basicity slag, the inflection values of viscosity change gradually compared to the basic slag. The inflection values are different with various compositions at different temperatures, it is about 1.3 Pa·s for sample 1 at 1570 K, about 1.3 Pa·s for sample 2 at 1600 K, about 1.0 Pa·s for sample 3 at 1660 K, about 1.1 Pa·s for sample 4 at 1630 K, but about 1.3 Pa·s for sample 5 at 1695 K, respectively. In addition, the viscosity is decreased with increasing the temperature due to the depolymerization of the complex polymers in molten slag [30,35]. When finishing the depolymerization of the complex polymers, the simple structures with high stability in the molten slag are generated at a certain temperature range, the viscosity is close to a constant value [30,36]. Consequently, the constant value is different for different component samples. It is observed from Figure 2 that the value is about 0.35 Pa·s for sample 1 at temperature above 1740 K, about 0.45 Pa·s for sample 2 at temperature above 1745 K, about 0.55 Pa·s for sample 3 at temperature above 1745 K, and about 0.47 Pa·s for sample 4 at temperature above 1740 K, and about 0.86 Pa·s for sample 5 at temperature above 1750 K, respectively. For the traditional BF smelting, the slag viscosity is required to be 1.5 Pa·s at about 1600 K, which is beneficial to working smoothly and enhancing BF operation [30,35,36]. The critical temperatures for the viscosity decreasing to 1.5 Pa·s are 1565 K, 1585 K, 1640 K, 1620 K and 1680 K for sample 1, sample 2, sample 3, sample 4 and sample 5 respectively, which indicates that the viscosity of the samples significantly increases with increasing the Cr2O3 content in this system, but complexly changes with introduction of FeO.
All original spectra for glassy samples with different contents of Cr2O3 and FeO are shown in Figure 3. It is observed that the dominant peak of the Raman spectrum for the slag with CaO-SiO2- Al2O3-MgO-TiO2 system in sample 1 is at about 850 cm-1. With the introduction of 1.5 wt% Cr2O3 into this system for sample 2, the shape and position of dominant peak of the Raman spectrum slightly change. With the introduction of 1.5 wt% Cr2O3 and 5 wt% FeO into the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-TiO2 system for sample 3, the relative intensity of the main band at about 850 cm-1 is reduced by more than 50%, but the peak width obviously increases. With further introduction 10 wt% FeO in the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-TiO2 -1.5wt% Cr2O3 system for the sample 4, the band at about 850 cm-1 nearly disappears, but the relative intensity of band at about 700 cm-1 becomes stronger. With further increasing Cr2O to 3 wt% in the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-TiO2-10wt%FeO-1.5wt% Cr2O system for sample 5, the relative intensity of band at 900~1050 cm-1 becomes stronger and its peak width increases.
Phase Compositions and Microstructure
Figure 4 shows the XRD patterns of the quenched samples with different Cr2O3 and FeO contents. For the sample 1 without Cr2O3 and FeO addition, the crystal phases are not detected, which indicates that the slag with CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-TiO2 system completely melts and does not form any spinels. In addition, with only introduction of a small amount of Cr2O3 (1.5 wt%) in the system for sample 2, the XRD patterns hardly change and new phases don’t form in slag. With introduction of the 5 wt% FeO in the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-TiO2 -1.5wt% Cr2O3 system for sample 3, the composite spinel phase ((Mg,Fe)(Cr,Al)2O4) and Ca3Mg(SiO4)2 generate. With further increasing of w(FeO) to 10 wt% in the CaOSiO 2-Al2O3-MgO-TiO2-1.5wt% Cr2O3-5wt%FeO system for sample 4, the high-melting crystal phases disappear. On this basis, with further increasing w(Cr2O3) to 3 wt% in the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgOTiO 2-1.5wt%Cr2O3-10wt%FeO system for sample 5, the spinel phase appears again and changes from (Mg,Fe)(Cr,Al)2O4 to Fe(Al,Cr)2O4, and the peaks intensity of spinel becomes stronger than that of sample 3.
To further investigate the effect of Cr2O3 and FeO on the microstructure of the molten slag, SEM/EDX is employed for the microstructure and compositional analysis of phases on the polished surface of the quenched sample 5, as shown in Figure 5. It is observed that the coexisting phases are composed of liquid phase and spinel phase, which is consistent with the results of X-ray diffraction analysis. In the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-TiO2- 3wt%Cr2O3- 10wt%FeO system, CaO, SiO2, TiO2, MgO and part of Cr2O3, FeO, Al2O3 form a homogenous liquid phase as shown in Figure 5(c). In addition, some of FeO can react with Cr2O3 and Al2O3 to form the composite spinel (Fe(Al,Cr)2O4) as shown in Figure 5(b), which will significantly improve the viscosity of slag. Meanwhile, it can also know from Figures 4 & 5 that the low melting-point solids (olivine and feldspar) are not found in the quenched samples, thus it is considered that the precipitation of crystal phases is avoided during the quenching process [30,36].
The different Raman bands are related to the different structure units, as summarized in Table 3. According to previous studies for silicate glasses, the low wavenumber regions (below 600 cm-1) are assigned to the vibrations such as the bending motions of Si-O-Si angles, the breathing modes of three-and four-membered rings, and the motions of the metal cations [15,25,31,37,38]. Around 780 cm-1, a peak may appear in certain glass compositions and has been attributed to the motions of Si against its tetrahedral oxygen cage [39-41]. The high wavenumber region at about 850-1060 cm-1 mainly characterizes the stretching vibration modes of Si-O bond in the SiO44 − tetrahedron, and corresponds to the silicate sites for the Q0, Q1, Q2, and Q3 structure units (superscripts 0, 1, 2 and 3 represent the numbers of bridging oxygen per SiO44 − tetrahedron) [25,31]. The bands at about 600-750cm-1 are attributed to the structural units of titanium in the melts, but 830-850cm-1 are attributed to Ti-O-Si structure which forms due to Ti4+ substituting Si4+ in tetrahedron [25,31]. The bands at about 690-710 cm-1 and 730-750 cm-1 are assigned to the structural units of chromium in melts [26,32,42-44]. As the alkaline oxides in molten slag form the metal cations (Ca2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Mn2+) with smaller radius for a certain system and hardly affect the structural properties of slag, therefore the wavenumber region of the metal cations will not discuss in the following analysis. Considering that the structural behavior of anions is different in the different system slag, the subsequent work should investigate the structural behavior of various anion and solid oxides in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-TiO2-Cr2O3- FeO system slag.
Three possible structural roles of titanium in Ti-bearing glasses, suggested in previous reports, are considered: (1) Ti4+ substitutes for Si4+ in tetrahedral coordination in the structural units; (2) Ti4+ forms TiO2-like clusters in tetrahedral coordination; (3) Ti4+ as a network modifier possibly occurs in five-fold or sixfold coordination [25,30]. As can be seen from Figure 3 (samples 1-5), the second and third models can be employed to explain the results due to the fact that the band at about 600-750cm-1 are detected in the glassy samples. It means that Ti4+ as a network modifier occurs in five-fold or six-fold coordination, which can significantly decrease the polymerization degree of silicates. And a small number of Ti4+ can form TiO2-like clusters in tetrahedral coordination. In addition, as the first model stated, Ti4+ is substituted for Si4+ in tetrahedral coordination in structural units of the glassy slags, the number of average bridging oxygen will be significantly increased and reaches about 2 for samples with about 10 wt% TiO2 in the slag, and the polymerization degree of the silicates will be significantly enhanced according to Li’s study and Huang’s study [25,44]. Accordingly, the first model cannot consistently predict the number of average bridging oxygen of silicates with the present results, as listed in Table 5. The second and the third models are the most appropriate to describe the role of titanium in structure.
With the introduction of 1.5 wt% CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgOTiO 2 system for sample 2, the main bands are hardly changed compared with sample 1. However, the band about 720cm-1 is shifted to about 780 cm-1 and its peak width increases due to the coexistence bands of Cr-O-Cr (about 730-750cm-1), O-Si-O or O-Ti-O (about 600-750cm-1) and Cr-O (about 840-850cm-1) [45-47]. Meanwhile the band about 920 cm-1 is enhanced and its peak width obviously increases. On this basis, with introduction of 5 wt% FeO in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-TiO2-1.5wt%Cr2O3 system for sample 3, the Raman spectrum is obviously changed. The band at about 720 cm-1 appears again and its peak intensity and width are increased, which is considered to be the coexistence bands of FeCr2O4 (about 670cm-1), O-Si-O or O-Ti-O (600-750cm-1) [46,48,49]. The band about 780 cm-1 is considered the coexistence bands of Cr-O (about 840-850cm-1) and Cr-O-Cr (about 730-750cm- 1),[45,46] and its peak becomes narrower compared with sample 2 due to the formation of crystal phases (spinels). With further increasing 10 wt% FeO in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-TiO2-1.5wt%Cr2O3 slag for sample 4, the peak of coexistence band at about 710 cm-1 is strengthened and other peaks are weakened due to the fact that the addition of FeO is disintegrated into Fe2+ (with main band about 710cm-1) and O2-, which will impede the formation of complex chains (Q1 and Cr-O-Cr) and the crystallization of spinels in molten slag [37,38,45,46]. With further increasing 3wt%Cr2O3 in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-TiO2-10wt%FeO slag for sample 5, the peaks of bands about 800 and 920 cm-1 are obviously enhanced, and the plenty of spinels are formed in molten slag. The plenty of the Cr-OCr bands are the consequence of the constraints imposed by their membership of a ring structure, which includes Cr-O-Cr and Si-OSi bonds [47]. Meanwhile, according to previous reports,[45,48] SiO2 can stabilize the supported Cr3+ in tetrahedral coordination to enhance the ring structure. According to the Raman analysis, it is known that the crystal phases can form in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgOTiO 2-Cr2O3-FeO system slags for sample 3 and sample 5 as shown in Figure 3. The crystal phases are mainly spinel phase (MgCr2O4, FeCr2O4, with main bands about 670cm-1), which is consistent with XRD and SEM/ EDX analysis.
The bands at 830-1000 cm-1 corresponds to the silicate sites for Q0, Q1, Q2, and Q3 structure units,[25,31] as shown in Table 3. Considering that the molar fractions of different structure units are related to the band areas, all samples are deconvolved using the Gauss-Deconvolution method by assuming contribution from the structural units of Qn with the minimum correlation coefficient r2≥0.99 to study the effect of different components. Different Qn species can be described as follows
As the scattering coefficients (θn) of Qn are different in the Raman spectrum as listed in Table 4, the mole fraction of the silicate structure units can be calculated as [31,36]
where xn is the mole fraction of the silicate structure units, An is the area fraction of each structural unit [31]. The number of non-bridging oxygen in the silicate slag can be obtained as follows[31,36]
Where n(NOB/T) is the number of non-bridging oxygen in the silicate slags. In addition, the average number of bridging oxygen in each sample is also used to explain the change of the silicate structures in melts, which can be estimated by the area ratio of each structural unit (Qn) multiplied by the number of its bridging oxygen. The best-fit simulations are conducted by the Gauss- Deconvolution method. The summary of the deconvolution and calculation results is listed in Table 5.
As can be seen from Table 5, the change of the number of nonbridging oxygen is contrary to the average number of bridging oxygen, which verifies the accuracy of the calculation results. Table 5 also shows that the number of non-bridging oxygen rapidly decreases when increasing Cr2O3 from 0 to 1.5 wt% in the slag, which can be explained by the reason that Cr2O3 plays the role of forming chain to increase the polymerization degree of the silicate slag. This result indicates that the majority of Cr3+ will form the bands of Cr-O-Cr in tetrahedral coordination and can change the polymerization degree of the silicates. In addition, Table 5 also shows that the number of non-bridging oxygen slightly decreases as the content of FeO increases from 0 to 5 wt% for sample 3, indicating that the polymerization degree of silicates increases due to the increase of Q1 and spinels in the molten slag. With further increasing 10 wt% FeO in the slag for sample 4, the number of non-bridging oxygen slightly increases due to the dissociation of the free cation (Fe2+) and O2- from FeO to interrupt the chain structures (Cr-O-Cr, Ti-O-Ti and Si-O-Si). With further introduction of 3 wt% Cr2O3 in slag for sample 5, the polymerization degree of silicate increases and the number of non-bridging oxygen obviously decreases due to the formation of solid spinel and Cr- O-Cr in the chain structure. As the field strength (change/radius) of the cations is Si4+>Cr3+>Al3+>Ti4+, the bond lengths of Si-O, Cr-O, Al-O Ti-O, and Fe-O are 1.63, 1.65, 1.81, 1.94, 2.16 , respectively [25,45,50]. The combined capacity between the cations and O2- is also presented by comparing their bond length; the ranks of the stability are Si-O>Cr-O>Al-O>Ti-O, which is opposite to their band length, as proposed by Zhang, Hino, and Baddour-Hadjean’s studies [31,45,50]. Thus, it can be concluded that FeO and TiO2 in slag can break up the 3-dimensional networks and the chain structures formed by Si and O, and hamper the crystallization of spinels, which is consistent with the conclusion proposed in Park’s work [25].
From above analysis, the spinel phases only form in the sample 3 and 5 for the Cr2O3-bearing BF vanadium system slag. In addition, the polymerization degree is low and the spinel (MgCr3O4) does not form in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-TiO2-1.5wt% Cr2O3 slag due to the existence of a large amount of TiO2 in the slag, which can decrease as a chain structure, increase a number of discrete Si-O-Ti as well as Ti-O-Ti structural units to hamper the crystallization of MgCr2O4 as the main crystal phase in the slag, and thus the viscosity of the system is lower than that of BF slag. With introduction of 5 wt% FeO in the system, a small amount of spinel (main of FeCr3O4) is formed due to the fact that the Gibbs free energy of FeCr2O4 formation is lower and its molecular binding force is stronger, compared with that of MgCr2O4. On the other hand, the formation of FeCr2O4 offers the crystal nucleus to promote the production of (Mg,Fe)(Cr,Al)2O4 and Ca3Mg(SiO4)2 in the system. On the contrary, the polymerization degree becomes weaker and spinels disappear with increasing FeO from 5wt% to 10wt% due to an increased number of Fe2+, oxygen ion (O2-) and discrete Si-O-Ti as well as Ti-O-Ti structural units, which will break the chain structure and hamper the crystallization of spinels (MgCr2O4, FeCr2O4, MgAl2O4 and FeAl2O4) in the slag [46]. Furthermore, the crystallization ability of the SiO2-TiO2 system will decrease with increasing of TiO2 according to Dines’s study [45]. SiO2 and Cr2O3 can form liquid slag at temperature above 1573 K according to Healy and Schottmiller’s suggestion.[51] And TiO2 can increase the solubility of Cr2O3 in FeO-SiO2-V2O3-Cr2O3- TiO2 system slag according to Huang revelation [44]. According to this study, it knows that the existence of plenty of TiO2 and FeO in the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-TiO2-Cr2O3-FeO slag can hamper the formation of spinels when the content of Cr2O3 is low in the molten slag. So the spinels do not form in the samples 2 and 4.
Correlation between the structural information and physiochemical properties of Cr2O3-bearing BF vanadium slag will naturally be expected. Many researchers have reported that the viscosity and melting temperature of the slag increase with an increase of w(Cr2O3) and decrease with an increase of w(FeO) and w(TiO2) [15,25]. According to the present study, the polymerization degree drastically increases with Cr2O3 introduction because of the formation of Cr-O-Cr in chain structures and the high meltingpoint spinel (FeCr2O4, with the melting temperature about 2273 K) in this system. According to the literature,[30,35] if the high melting-point solid exists in the liquid, it not only affects the homogenized liquid but also forms the plenty of solid-liquid phase interface in molten slag to dramatically increase internal friction, which will significantly increase the slag viscosity. Thus it is considered that the bond of Cr-O-Cr and the precipitation of spinels may affect the slag viscosity, but the effect of spinels is greater than that of the Cr-O-Cr bond. On the contrary, when existing an amount of FeO and TiO2 in the slag, the polymerization degree will decrease due to a decrease of as a chain structure and an increased number of discrete Si-O-Ti as well as Ti-O-Ti structural units, which can hamper the crystallization of FeCr2O4 as the main crystallization product in the CaO-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3- TiO2-FeO-Cr2O3 system, thus the viscosity of system can decrease.
The melt structure and property of CaO-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3- TiO2system with varied FeO and Cr2O3 contents are investigated by the rotating cylinder method and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. Based on the above results, the following conclusions have been drawn:
a. The viscosity of the CaO-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-TiO2 system is decreased to 1.5 Pa·s at temperatures above 1565 K. With the introduction of 1.5 wt% Cr2O3 and 5 wt% FeO into CaO-MgOSiO 2-Al2O3-TiO2 system, the viscosity significantly increases and is decreased to 1.5 Pa·s until temperature higher than 1640 K. With further increasing 10 wt% FeO into the CaO-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-TiO2-1.5wt%Cr2O3 system, the viscosity decreases and is 1.5 Pa·s at about 1620 K. However, the viscosity increases again after the increase of Cr2O3 to 3 wt% in the CaO-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-TiO2-10wt%FeO system, the viscosity is decreased to 1.5 Pa·s until temperature higher than 1680 K.
b. Ti4+ mainly exists in the form of discrete Si-O-Ti and Ti- O-Ti as monomer which hampers the crystallization of FeCr2O4 in the molten slag and decreases the polymerization degree of the CaO-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-TiO2-FeO-Cr2O3 system. Most of Cr3+ exists in the bond of Cr-O-Cr to form network structures, and part of the chromium exists in the form of solid spinels, which can dramatically enhance the polymerization degree of the system slag. FeO should disintegrate into Fe2+ and O2- to decrease the polymerization degree of the slag. Furthermore, part of FeO can form spinels when Cr2O3 exists in the slag to obviously increase the polymerization degree of the slag.
c. The polymerization degree of silicate structures is lower in the CaO-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-TiO2 system due to the main existence of Q0 as a monomer structure in the slag. With the introduction of 1.5 wt% Cr2O3 into the CaO-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-TiO2 system, the polymerization degree of the silicate structure is enhanced due to the formation of Q1 in a chain structure. With the introduction of 5 wt% FeO into the CaO-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-TiO2-1.5wt%Cr2O3 system, the polymerization degree of silicate significantly increases due to the increase of Q1 and spinels in the slag. With further increasing 10wt% FeO in the CaO-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-TiO2-1.5wt%Cr2O3 system, the polymerization degree decreases and spinel disappears. When increasing Cr2O3 to 3 wt% in the CaO-MgO-SiO2-Al2O3-TiO2-10wt%FeO system, spinels appear again and transform into Fe(Al,Cr)2O4, and the polymerization degree of the slag obviously increases.
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