Pan Jezus z Placu Kościoła pw. Świętego Piusa V Papieża

Though the pope's theologians often disagreed with Philip's (and most others who served the growing national monarchies), the papacy in the late sixteenth century in its concern with Catholic Reformation and the struggle against Islam, had particular need of Philip II. The death of Henri II had thrown the other great Catholic state, France, into a generation of civil wars between Catholic and Protestant, so to wield the temporal sword for Rome there was none but Philip, who in his monarchy stood firmly against Protestantism, and possessed resources and will to confront the Turks. This need of Philip posed an insoluble dilemma for each of the nine men who occupied in succession St Peter's Chair. Each wished to break the near-absolute control over Church institutions Philip enjoyed in his dominions, but each needed his cooperation. They found themselves constrained to grant Philip, however reluctantly, Church revenues for the common cause of Catholic Christendom, in which they found themselves yoked together. Philip also needed the cooperation of the papacy. He could neither govern his own dominions easily nor conduct the foreign policy he wanted without some papal support, however obtained. The papacy could influence other Catholic rulers and sway public opinion in Catholic lands, including Philip's; it was an important factor in the secular affairs of Italy, and could help arrange alliances against the Turks. But most significantly, the pope, by honouring old concordats and making new concessions, allowed Philip to collect from ecclesiastical sources a sum of money, which according to a calculation made in Rome in 1565 came to some 2 000 000 ducats a year. (..) Philip's control over Church institutions was sanctioned by various concordats with the papacy, dating chiefly from the era of Ferdinand and Isabella, which gave Philip the power to present (in effect to appoint) men of his choosing to bishoprics, to the supreme councils of the Inquisition in Spain and Sicily and to other major benefices. There were moreover certain medieval rights Philip enjoyed in Naples and Sicily which the papacy claimed he held of it as fiefs: the Exequator in Naples, which permitted him to publish or withhold papal bulls as he saw fit, and the Monarchia Sicula, which permitted him as king of Sicily to act as papal legate to himself. In Spain, while he accepted a papal legate, he claimed under his sovereignty to enjoy the rights of Exequator and, moreover, permitted no appeal by his Spanish subjects to Rome from either the Inquisition or the Councils of Castile or Aragon, which served in many instances as ecclesiastical courts. Men said there was no pope in Spain, a remark endorsed by a recent scholar, who estimates that the crown's domination of the Church "was probably more complete in Spain than in any other part of Europe, including Protestant countries with an Erastian system". Through his councils Philip in effect governed the Church in his dominions, and a large amount of his correspondence and memoranda concern Church affairs. (..) Philip tenaciously resisted all attempts by Rome to encroach upon his prerogatives in Church matters, and usually won. In one exception Pius V forced Philip to permit the case of Fray Bartolomé Carranza, archbishop of Toledo (1557-76), to be transferred from the Spanish Inquisition to Rome. Carranza had been arrested on charges of heresy in 1559; given his rank the papacy claimed prior jurisdiction. Philip refused the papal claim, on the argument that he could not guarantee the survival of the Catholic religion in Spain if he did not uphold the Inquisition in every instance. But in 1566, the cruzada came due for renewal, and Philip, at war with the Turks and facing troubles in the Low Countries, feared with good reason that Pius V might not renew it. Philip's ambassador to Rome, Don Luis de Requesens, warned Philip that Pius was a saintly man who paid little heed to reasons of state. Philip capitulated and permitted the case to be transferred to Rome a few days before he received from Pius a threat of excommunication.

26 February 1569 Pope Pius V expels Jews unless they become Roman Catholics #otdimjh