Hard Carbon Anode Materials for Sodium-ion Batteries
Hard carbon is one of the most mainstream and practical anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. It is mainly prepared from renewable raw materials such as biomass and agricultural waste through high-temperature carbonization treatment. Different from the ordered structure of graphite, hard carbon features a disordered non-graphitic structure with abundant pores and enlarged interlayer spacing, which perfectly adapts to the large radius of sodium ions.
Traditional graphite is not suitable for sodium-ion storage due to its narrow interlayer distance. In contrast, hard carbon effectively reduces ion migration resistance, enabling stable embedding and detachment of sodium ions during charging and discharging.
It exhibits high sodium storage capacity, excellent rate performance, outstanding low-temperature adaptability and long cycle life. In addition, the raw materials are widely available, low-cost and eco-friendly, solving the problems of scarce resources and high costs of lithium battery materials.
With strong compatibility, hard carbon anodes are widely applied in large-scale energy storage power stations, smart grid peak regulation, low-speed new energy vehicles and household energy storage devices. Relying on high stability, safety and cost advantages, hard carbon greatly promotes the industrialization of sodium-ion batteries and has broad application prospects in the new energy storage industry.
