#module10

A piece of technology that is ubiquitous, which I assume refers to something is so common in the modern era that it can literally be found anywhere, I supposed war innovations are out of the question. The piece of technology must also be developed before my birth date, which is around the mid-90s. Alright, the piece of technology I’m going to be covering today, is the prehistoric calculator, abacus.

So, what is an abacus? Abacus is the first known calculating device used for arithmetic counting that is dated back to at least approximately 2500 BC, where the first recorded use of it was all the way back in the time of ancient Sumerians. The exact origin is quite a mystery and is still debated among historians to this very day. 

Image Source: Vedanta

Long, long ago, the world was a dark place whenever the sun went down. Stars were used to guide the way in a dim forest and candles were used to light up a home. But still, that was not enough. Thus, many inventors of the time such as, Humphry Davy, Warren de la Rue, Joseph Wilson Swan, and Henry Woodward, tried to addressed this problem but failed. There were creations of the electric lamp and the incandescent lamp. However, the filament of these bulbs were not convenient for commercial purposes due to its extremely short lifespans, utilization of too much energy and the expensive cost of production.

Image Source: Redshift

It was not until 1880, when Thomas Alva Edison turned the world into a brighter place with his electric light bulb invention, (though some call it “improvement”). During his research, he primarily focused on improving the filament. This is the part of the light bulb that produces light when fused with an electric current. Edison ran tests on a carbon filament, then platinum, before resorting back to carbon. A light bulb containing a carbonized filament of uncoated cotton thread was produced and had a lifespan of 14.5 hours. Nonetheless, this light bulb with a short lifespan would not suffice the electrical needs of the public. So Edison and his team continued experimenting with the filament until they created a light bulb that could last up to 1,200 hours. This breakthrough long-lasting bulb contained a filament made from bamboo. From then on, the Edison Electric Light Company began commercially manufacturing electric light bulbs and marketing the invention to the public.

Image Source: Bulbs

This technological breakthrough is successful because it stemmed the production of more advanced electrical inventions. Edison’s remarkable contribution to electric lighting did not stop as continued finding more ways to improve upon his discovery. This lead to the development of the first commercial power utility called the Pearl Street Station, and the electric meter (which tracks how much electricity is being used). Then in 1904, Europeans inventors developed the tungsten filament that was longer lasting and produced a brighter light. Later on, the invention of florescent light bulbs stole the scene with its energy-efficiency feature.

Image Source: Thinglink

It is evident that without these past electrical inventions, the light-emitting diode (LED) would not exist today. The LED is the fastest developing lighting technologies and most efficient lights on the market. But of course, we can count on more advanced lighting system to be invented in the near future.

Here is a detailed video explaining the difference between types of light bulbs!

Search for a piece of technology that is ubiquitous and developed before your birth date. The item you are covering should not be digital. Research how it was discovered and developed for commercial production. If possible, expose why it was (or was not) successful.

What is a Camera Obscura?

In this blog post we are looking at the world’s first recorded camera! (woo!). 

“Camera obscura (from Latin "camera": (vaulted) chamber or room, and "obscura": darkened, plural: camerae obscurae), also referred to as pinhole image, is the natural optical phenomenon that occurs when an image of a scene at the other side of a screen (or for instance a wall) is projected through a small hole in that screen as a reversed and inverted image (left to right and upside down) on a surface opposite to the opening. The surroundings of the projected image have to be relatively dark for the image to be clear, so many historical camera obscura experiments were performed in dark rooms.”

(figure 1)

History:

(figure 2)

It was first mentioned in 400 BC by Mo-ti as he is the first known mention of the basic concept of a pinhole camera. Fast forward to 1827! Joseph Nicephore Niepce captured an image using a pinhole camera to produce the first photographic image (see figure 2). Soon people were improving the process,  which created the the age of modern photography!

It’s earlier uses were to view the solar eclipse and to draw accurate portraits of people using sedan chairs.

Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, View from the Window at Le Gras, c. 1826 was the first photograph to ever be taken! He was experimenting with different photo chemicals to concoct the perfect mixture to create a permanent photograph. He took this image in his home and had a very long exposure (explains why there is no human or animal presence). 

After it’s innovation and new found use as a camera that creates permanent photographs it wasn’t long before other photographers crafted their own mixtures to create their own style photographs (heliographs vs. daguerreotypes calotype, wet-collodion, dry plates etc).

It wasn’t until 1884-1889 photography became accessible to amateurs  when inventor George Eastman began producing film on rolls. “In 1888, Eastman used  film as the primary selling point of his first Kodak camera, a small, 100-exposure model that customers could use and then send back to the manufacturer to have their photos developed. Eastman’s camera was remarkably easy to use—he marketed it to Victorian shutterbugs under the slogan “You press the button, we do the rest”—but its coated paper film produced fairly low quality photos. Film would improve by leaps and bounds with the introduction of celluloid a year later, and remained the standard means of photography for nearly a century until the advent of digital cameras.”

Citations:

http://cool.conservation-us.org/byorg/abbey/an/an26/an26-3/an26-307.html

http://www.obscurajournal.com/history.php

For the final module I made an infographic based off the Social Network report from Per Research Centre (2015). The Report is focused on adults usage of social networking. I used Venngage to create my infographic and it was extremely easy to use and build. At first I used Piktochart but was having difficulty building the layout I wanted. Venngage layout is better organized and easier to navigate. I also have a smaller computer and Piktochart side bar took up a lot of space on my screen making it difficult to see the infographic I was trying to build. Venngage templates had less on them but easier to add which i really liked because the template wasn’t overloaded. The icons, graphs, and text boxes were very easy to use. Visual information is very important in a time were there is information overload. Infographics are a great way to summarize information in a captivating way. So here’s mine! 

CA IPCC Business Environment Module 10

Dear children’s let’s see now Michael porter's five forces model for competitive analysis how to combat how to fight how to give a reply back to competitive pressure “char mark ke liye aata hai” four mark question who is Michael porter now he give rivalry among competitive forms what would be done potential development of substitute products next bargaining power of consumers potential entry of new competitors and bargaining power of suppliers now what would be done let's check one by one Michael porter's five forces model for competitive analysis beginning from Harvard Business School right rivalry among competing firms, most powerful, everyone has strategy to compete, your strategy must have competitive advantage, tool is retaliatory or counter moves such as what can you do lower your prices of your product as in MTNL been doing it add-on extra features like airline or maybe like hotels extended warranty to be given just as in case of General Motors they were the first company in India to give extended warranty for 3 years on all their manufactured vehicles so this is something out of the box