#meperidine

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We are talking about history’s deadliest serial killer Harold…

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Synthetic opioids are chemically manufactured narcotic drugs, which mimic the effects of natural opioids. Some of the common prescribed synthetic opioids include, Methadone, Fentanyl and Meperidine. Semi-synthetic opioids are synthesized from naturally occurring opium products, such as morphine and codeine, and include heroin, oxycodone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone.

Statistics:         

North America synthetic opioids market is estimated to account for US$ 97.6 Bn in terms of value by the end of 2027.

North America Synthetic Opioids Market: Drivers  

Increasing prevalence of cancer is expected to boost growth of North America synthetic opioids market over the forecast period. For instance, according to Breastcancer.org, in 2019, an estimated 268,600 new cases of invasive breast cancer were expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S. along with 62,930 new cases of non-invasive (in situ) breast cancer.

Moreover, high incidence of HIV is also expected to aid in growth of the market. For instance, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in 2018, 37,832 people received an HIV diagnosis in the U.S.

U.S. held dominant position in North America synthetic opioids market in 2019, accounting for 90.0% share in terms of value, followed by Canada.

Figure 1. North America Synthetic Opioids Market Share (%), by Region, 2019

                        Source: Coherent Market Insights Analysis (2020)

North America Synthetic Opioids Market: Restraints   

Use of synthetic opioids is associated with several side effects, which are expected to hinder growth of the market. For instance, use of Fentanyl may lead to vomiting, constipation, sedation, confusion, hallucinations, and injuries related to poor coordination.

Moreover, increasing number of deaths due to overdose of synthetic opioids is also expected to limit growth of the market. For instance, according to 2018 data of National Institute on Drug Abuse, overdose of opioids that mostly includes prescription pain relievers, heroin, and synthetic opioids such as fentanyl, leads to 128 deaths every day in the U.S.

North America Synthetic Opioids Market: Opportunities    

Increase in the use of Fentanyl test strips is expected to offer lucrative growth opportunities for players in the market. For instance, according to a study by Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, in February 2018, 70% of people who use drugs would modify their drug use behaviors if their drugs tested positive for fentanyl.

Drug exclusivity for branded opioids is also expected to aid in growth of the market. The first company to file an ANDA (Abbreviated New Drug Application) with the FDA gains the opportunity to exclusively market the generic drug for 180 days. These types of marketing opportunities could be the target for market players to mitigate risks from competitive pressure commonly associated with commoditized generic product.

Synthetic Opioids segment in North America synthetic opioids market was valued at US$ 6.3 Bn in 2019 and is expected to reach US$ 7.4 Bn by 2027 at a CAGR of 2.1% during the forecast period.

Market Trends/Key Takeaways

Major economies are focused on strengthening regulations to prevent opioid exposures. For instance, in February 2020, the U.S. senate introduced the Synthetic Opioid Exposure Prevention and Training Act of 2020, to require Customs and Border Protection to issue safety protocols for handling synthetic opioids.

The number of deaths due to synthetic opioids is increasing in the U.S. For instance, according to the study, ‘ The Future of Fentanyl and Other Synthetic Opioids,’ published by RAND Corporation in 2019,  the number of deaths involving synthetic opioids increased from 3,000 in 2013 to more than 30,000 in 2018, in the U.S.

Regulations

U.S.

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

·         DEA is responsible for enforcing the controlled substances laws and regulations of the United States

·         It is responsible for the enforcement of the provisions of the Controlled Substances Act as they pertain to the manufacturing, distribution, and dispensing of legally produced controlled substances

·         It also coordinates and cooperates with federal, state, and local law enforcement officials on mutual drug enforcement efforts and enhancement of such efforts through exploitation of potential interstate and international investigations beyond local or limited federal jurisdictions and resources.

·         DEA reduced the amount of almost every Schedule II opiate and opioid medication that may be manufactured in the United States in 2017 by 25 percent or more

·         DEA’s Diversion Control Division is involved in preventing, detecting, and investigating the diversion of controlled pharmaceuticals and listed chemicals from legitimate sources while ensuring an adequate and uninterrupted supply for legitimate medical, commercial, and scientific needs

Value Chain Analysis (Description or image) - Optional

North America Synthetic Opioids Market: Competitive Landscape

Major players operating in North America synthetic opioids market include, Purdue Pharma LP, Pfizer Inc., Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Teva Pharmaceuticals, Endo International plc, West-Ward Pharmaceuticals, Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals plc, Mylan N.V., Impax Laboratories, Inc., and Indivior Plc.

North America Synthetic Opioids Market: Key Developments

Major players in the market are focused on addressing opioid crisis. For instance, in August 2019, Purdue Pharma L.P. collaborated with National Center for Wellness & Recovery at Oklahoma State University for accelerating solutions to the opioid addiction crisis.

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Summary: North America is expected to witness significant growth during the forecast period owing to the increasing prevalence of pain causing conditions in the region.

Description:

Meperidine is employed to alleviate pain severe enough to need opioid treatment and when other pain medicines didn't work tolerably or can't be tolerated.

When meperidine is employed for an extended time, it's going to become habit-forming, causing mental or physical dependence.However, severe withdrawal side effects can usually be prevented by gradually reducing the dose over a period of your time before treatment is stopped completely.

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Key Market Takeaways:

·   The global meperidine (Demerol) market is estimated to be valued at US$ 2,089.1 Mn in 2020 and is expected to increase to US$ 2,784.3 Mn by 2027, witnessing a CAGR of 4.2% during the forecast period (2020-2027). Meperidine is legally available under the drug Act (CSA) and under the drug class - schedule II drug within the U.S. The substances which have a high potential for abuse and which can cause severe psychological or physical dependence come under schedule II drug class.

 ·   The increasing number of surgeries worldwide is predicted to support growth of the market during the forecast period. as an example , consistent with Eurostat, 2019, there have been a minimum of 1.4 million caesarean sections performed within the EU in 2017.

 Key players

Key players covered as a part of this market are Pfizer, Inc., Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc., Epic Pharma, Inc., and Vintage Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

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Market Segmentation:

 Tablet

 Injection

 Syrup

 Hospital Pharmacies

 Retail Pharmacies

 Online Pharmacies

By Region:

·    North America

·    U.S.

 Canada

·    Europe

 U.K.

 Germany

 Italy

 France

 Spain

 Russia

 Rest of Europe

·    Latin America

 Brazil

 Mexico

 Argentina

 Rest of Latin America

·    Asia Pacific

 China

 India

 Japan

 Australia

 South Korea

 ASEAN

 Rest of Asia Pacific

Middle East

 GCC

 Israel

 Rest of Middle East

 Africa 

Central Africa

 South Africa

 North Africa

 Related Topics:

ANDROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY MARKET

Androgen replacement therapy (ART), often referred to as testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), is a form of hormone therapy, in which androgens, often testosterone, are replaced. ART is often prescribed to counter the effects of male hypogonadism. It typically involves the administration of testosterone through injections, skin creams, patches, gels, or subcutaneous pellets. Testosterone replacement therapy is a promising technology for improving symptoms of hypogonadism and to raise the testosterone level.

Read more @ https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/market-insight/androgen-replacement-therapy-market-3787

EYE HEALTH SUPPLEMENTS MARKET

Eye health supplements are pharmaceutical preparations used in maintaining eye health. Antioxidants such as Lutein and Zeaxanthin of the carotenoid family are some of the eye health ingredients. Use of antioxidants as eye health ingredients is expected to grow steadily over the forecast period. Increase in number of eye health supplements is also projected to enhance the growth of eye health ingredients market during the forecast period.

Read more @ https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/market-insight/eye-health-supplements-market-3791

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What we provide:

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Industry Analysis Services

Business Consulting Services

Market Intelligence Services

Long term Engagement Model

Country Specific Analysis

Contact Us:

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Abstract

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adding different doses of meperidine to intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine on anesthetic characteristics and postoperative pain relief in patients undergoing elective transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) surgery.

Methods: ASA I-III 90 patients undergoing elective transurethral resection surgery with spinal anesthesia were included in this prospective, randomized, double-blinded study. Following a spinal tap, patients were randomly divided into 3 equal groups: In group B; 12.5 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine was given intrathecally. In BM15 and BM30 groups, meperidine with dose of 15 mg or 30 mg was added to 10 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine, respectively.

Results: The maximum sensory block level is T8 in all groups and the duration time to reach to T8 was found shortest in Group B (Compared to Group BM 30 and Group BM 15) (p = 0.029, p = 0.017 respectiveliy). In Group B, motor block level is higher and termination time of motor block is longer compared to both meperidin added groups (p = 0.019, p = 0.022). Sensory block levels of Group BM 15 and Group BM 30 were found longer compared to Group B (p = 0.004, p = 0.006 respectively) and motor block levels of theese groups were found more shorter compared to Group B (p=0,048). In BM15 and BM30 Groups, postoperative pain scores were found lower (p≤0,001) and side effects and complications were similar between theese groups.

Discussion and Conclusion: Combination of hyperbaric bupivacaine with meperidine may offers the advantage of better postoperative analgesia and it may be used as an alternative to pure hyperbaric bupivacaine solution in spinal anesthesia, for TURP surgery.

Keywords: Spinal anaesthesia; Transurethral resection of the prostate; Meperidine.

Introduction

Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) surgery has still continued to be the gold standard among the surgical treatments applied for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), today [1]. TURP operations, it is more commonly preferred compared to general anaesthesia since it allows the early diagnosis of negativities such as regional anaesthesia fluid loading, bladder perforation, and TURP Sydrome. When the local anaesthetics are used appropriately and attentively in spinal anaesthesia, they have very few side effects. [2-4] Most of the patients who underwent a TUR-P operation are in their advanced ages and have respiratory and cardiac comorbidities. Therefore, it is important for such patients to prevent hypotension, bradycardia, and respiratory distress related to spinal anaesthesia [4].  (4) In order to achieve an efficient anaesthesia for the TUR-P operation, it is required to form the block at T10 level. Insufficient anaesthesia causes additional problems for the patient. Injection of low dose opioids together with local anaesthetics in regional blocks increases the potency of analgesia [5-7].

One of postoperative pain treatment methods is intrathecal multimodal analgesia [8]. It has been shown through experimental studies that the application of analgesia before the surgical trauma may reduce post-traumatic sensitivity and secondary hyperalgesia in the spinal cord [9,10]. For this purpose, multimodal or balance analgesia occupies a significant place recently in the postoperative pain treatment [11,12]. The main purpose of postoperative pain treatment is to reduce and eliminate the discomfort, contribute to the recovery period, reduce the side effects caused by the treatment or control them efficiently and reduce the costs of the treatment. Nowadays, spinal anaesthesia has still maintained its popularity method in lower abdominal, orthopaedic, obstetric and gynaecologic surgeries, elective, emergency or ambulatory surgery [13].

Sensory block level is important for a successful spinal anaesthesia. As is known, sensory block is affected by these factors: baricity, dose, volume, concentration, and injection rate of the local anaesthetic, patient's position, barbotage, patient's characteristics (such as height, body weight, and age) and other adjuvant agents. Among these factors; the baricity of the local anaesthetic which is associated with the patient’s position is defined as the most important factor in the distribution of the local anaesthetic [14]. An undesirable hypotension is encountered as a result of the cardiovascular effect associated with the sympathetic blockage caused by the spinal anaesthesia, and this rate is reported to be 33% in a study [15]. This creates a secondary ischemia risk especially in the advanced age group with high incidence of coronary disease [16]. Considering that most of cases undergoing TURP operations are old patients with low cardiac reserves, this presents importance. Therefore, dose of the local anaesthetic used for protection from hypotension was reduced; however, this time the aimed sensory block could not be reached. Due to this problem, the aimed sensory block was tried to be reached through minimal hemodynamic exposure by providing synergistic analgesia after adding opioid into the local anaesthetic agent used intrathecally [17,18].

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of adding different doses of meperidine to intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine on anesthetic characteristics and postoperative pain relief in patients undergoing elective TURP surgery.

Materials and Methods

After receiving an ethical committee approval from Ondokuz Mayis University and written consents of patients, a total of 90 male patients between 50-80 years of age and ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) I-III undergone elective endoscopic TUR surgery under spinal anaesthesia were included in the study. Patients, who refused the spinal anaesthesia, with motor or sensory deficit and contraindications to spinal anesthesia such as coagulaton disorder and infection at the puncture site were excluded from the study. It was also planned to exclude the patients, who demonstrated insufficient block after the practice, whose preoperative VAS score was 4 and above, or who needed the use of additional analgesic during surgery and were required to be transferred to general anaesthesia, from the study. Preoperatively, 10ml/kg of 0.9% NaCl solution was infused to patients before spinal anaesthesia and no additional premedication was used. In the operating room, standard monitoring including non-invasive arterial pressure, electrocardiography (ECG) and pulse oximetry (SPO2) was established for all patients. Spinal anaesthesia was applied using a midline approach from the 4th-5th lumbar segment in sitting position with a 22 G Quincke type spinal needle (B Braun, Spinocan, Melsungen, Germany). Patients were divided into 3 groups randomly using a computer generated random number table: In group B (n=30); 12.5 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine (Bustesin® Spinal Heavy 0.5%, VEM llaf, Istanbul, Turkey) was given intrathecally.In group BM15 (n=30), 15 mg meperidine (Aldolan®, 100 mg, G.L. Pharma GmbH, Lannach, Austria) and in group BM30 (n=30), 30 mg meperidine with 10 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric was administered intrathecally. Patients' blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen saturation were monitored and recorded every 5 minutes during the operation. While sensory block level was evaluated by using pin prick test, motor block degree was assessed by using Bromage scale. (Bromage scale 0: no motor block; 1: cannot move hip, can move knees and feet; 2: cannot move knees and hip, can move feet; 3: cannot move hip, knees and feet). Disintegration of the motor block was recorded as the period that Bromage scale regressed to point 0. Sensory block's duration of reaching to T8 dermatome, the maximum sensory block level, the maximum motor block level and the duration of reaching to this level were recorded. Surgery was initiated when sensory block formed at T8 level. At the beginning of the surgery, the pain level was scored with VAS scale. After spinal anaesthesia, the decrease of the Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) above the rate of 25% compared to the measurement before administration or the decrease of systolic blood pressure below 90mmHg considered as hypotension and 5mg iv ephedrine doses were injected in order to bring the blood pressure to normal limits. The decrease of heart apex beat under 40 beats/minute was accepted as bradycardia and atropine doses of 0.5mg were injected in order to increase the heart beat rates above 50 beats/minute. Within the period until the sensory and motor block effects of spinal anaesthesia disappeared; patients were followed up in terms of side effects such as hypotension, bradycardia, nausea, vomiting, uneasiness, and shivering; and problems such as headache, back and leg pain, loss of strength, urination and fecal incontinence until being discharged from the hospital. In the first 24 postoperative hours, VAS scores of patients were assessed for 7 times in post-operative 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th, 12th and 24th hours with the first assessment being in the hour 0 in the recovery unit; patients who needed additional analgesic, the first minute that the need for analgesic was arisen and the total amount of analgesic used as mg were recorded. 50 mg of dexketoprofen trometamol was administered intravenously to patients who needed analgesic (Leodex 50 mg /2ml ampoules, Bilim llaf, Istanbul, Turkey). SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) for Windows 19.0 program was used to conduct statistical analyses. Regarding assessment of the data of the study; along with descriptive statistical methods (mean, Standard deviation), Oneway Anova test was used to compare parameters demonstrating normal distribution among groups for comparing quantitative data, and Tukey HDS test was used for the determination of the group that caused difference. On the other hand, Chi-Square test was used to compare qualitative data. While the presence of a difference between groups in terms of VAS was examined by using MannWhitney U-test, changes within groups were assessed by using Friedman test. Significance level was accepted as p<0.05.

Results

Values were evaluated as mean � standard deviation.

The demographic data of patients and surgery periods were found to be similar among groups. It is shown in Table 1. (p>0.05) The maximum sensory block level was T8 in all 3 groups. Sensory block’s duration of reaching to T8 dermatome and the total sensory block duration were 8.4±1.3 minute and 186.8±36.2 minute in Group B; 7.3±0.9 minute and 210.2±41.5 minute in Group BM15; and 6.1±1.2 minute and 231.9±59.5 minute in Group BM30. The durations of reaching T8 dermatome of Group B were moderate higher than Group BM15 (p=0.029) and Group BM 30 (p=0.017). Sensory block duration of Group B was lower than Group BM15 and Group BM30 (p=0.004, p=0.006; respectively). The longest sensory block duration was found in Group BM30. The sensory block duration in Group BM 15 was shorter than Group BM30 and longer than Group B (Table 2). Post-operative average VAS (Visual analogue scale) values were significantly lower in Group BM15 and Group BM30 compared to Group B in second, fourth, sixth and twelfth hours. (p< 0.001) (Table 3) VAS scores were found to be similar in all 3 groups in recovery unit (hour 0) and post-operative 1st and 24th hours (Figure 1).

**p: Comparison of Group B-Group BM15

***p: Comparison of Group B-Group Group BM 30

Our perioperative vital results, MAP; heart rate (HR) values,were recorded separately for all 3 groups. Measurement times of vital results were realised for 6 times with 15-minute intervals. The first measurement time was preoperative value; measurement value right after applying spinal anaesthesia was accepted as minute 0 of the operation. Following measurements were recorded as perioperative results of 0. ,15th, 30th, 45th, 60th minutes. Postoperative results were recorded as 60th, and 70th minutes in the recovery unit. Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) was similar among the groups in all measurement times (Figure 2). Similarly, heart rate (HR) values have also been found to be similar in all measurement times among groups (Figure 3). Perioperative hemodynamic findings were observed to be more stable in the groups to which intrathecal meperidine was administered as a clinical observation in Groups BM15 and BM30. Especially after spinal anaesthesia was used, the bradycardia and hypotension appearing depending on sympathetic blockage were not observed at all in Groups BM15 and BM30. Postoperative pain scores were significantly low in terms of both statistics and clinical observation in the groups to which intrathecal meperidine was added.

Satisfaction level was very good among all cases and surgeons in Group BM30. One surgeon reported a moderate level of satisfaction and two cases again reported a moderate level of satisfaction in Group B. One surgeon reported a moderate level of satisfaction and patient satisfaction was very good among all patients in Group BM15. Bradycardia and hypotension developed in three patients in the 13th, 16th and 21st minutes of the operation in perioperative Group B, 5 mg ephedrine i.v was administered and fast responses were received. No significant perioperative side effect was observed in other groups. Serious side effects such as nausea, vomiting, itching, and hypotension were not observed in all 3 groups in the postoperative period. Itching complication was observed in only one case in Group BM30 and itching was recovered with administration of 10 mg oral antihistaminic cetirizine. 3 patients needed additional analgesic (10%) in Group BM15 within the first 24 hours in the postoperative period; whereas, only 2 patients (6.6%) in Group BM30 and 18 patients (60%) in Group B needed additional parenteral analgesic.

Discussion

This study has revealed that meperidine added intrathecally in TURP operations ensured a significant hemodynamic stabilisation in the perioperative period and allowed the patient to feel less pain in the postoperative period and therefore ensured a comfortable postoperative period.

In a study conducted by Anaraki et al. [19] 77 cases to undergo open prostatectomy received spinal anaesthesia with hyperbaric lidocaine and half of the cases also received intrathecally 0.3mg/kg meperidine in addition to hyperbaric lidocaine. In the group with a low dose of meperidine; it was observed that there was no difference in terms of hemodynamic stability in the perioprative period; however, there were long painless periods in the postoperative period and blood loss reduced evidently [19]. The study conducted by Anaraki et al., had totally parallel results with our study, because similarly in our study, no difference was observed in terms of hemodynamic stability in groups to which a low dose of meperidine was added; whereas, these groups had a significant advantage in terms of postoperative analgesia (Table 3). In another study conducted by Patel et al. [20] 42 cases, who were planned to undergo endoscopic urological surgery, were divided into two groups; and while one group received intrathecal 0.5 mg/kg 5% lidocaine, the other group received 0.5 mg/kg meperidine intrathecally. The duration of reaching the peak sensory level was found to be significantly short in the group that received lidocaine, and when sensory block termination times and motor block beginning and motor block termination periods were compared, no difference was observed between the two groups. When compared in terms of hemodynamic stability; while the group administered with meperidine was more stabile in hemodynamic aspect, a more significant decrease was observed in mean arterial pressures in the group that received lidocaine and it was observed that there were many patients that needed intervention with intravenous ephedrine [20]. Our clinical observation results showed that hemodynamics were more stabile in groups that received meperidine; because bradycardia and hypotension developed in 3 patients in the group that received 12.5 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine were intervened with 5 mg of ephedrine i.v. In this study, the reason for not finding any significant difference in terms of hemodynamic stability may be associated with the fact that we used hyperbaric agents in all groups. In this study, no bradycardia and hypotension cases that needed intervention with ephedrine were encountered in groups where we added meperidine, because this may be related to the fact that the added meperidine increased bupivacaine baricity even more [21]. In a study conducted by Murto et al., 42 patients to undergo TUR-P operations were divided into three equal groups; one group was administered with 5% lidocaine 75 mg intrathecally, the second group received 0.15 mg /kg meperidine in addition to 75 mg of 5% lidocaine, and the third group received 0.30 mg/kg meperidine along with the same dose of lidocaine. Sensory block's duration of reaching T10 dermatome level was only found faster in the group that received lidocaine, and slower in groups administered with meperidine. In a study conducted by Chun et al., 0.2 mg /kg and 0,4 mg / kg meperidine with 8 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine for 25 cases to undergo TUR-P operation was reported to prevent considerably shivering, which may be a commonly encountered situation of TUR-P operations, in the postoperative period [21]. When Chun et al. [21] compared the group which received only 8 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine with the groups which received meperidine in terms of other side effects, it was observed that there were more itching complication in the group that received meperidine [21]. In our study, only one patient had an itching complication in group BM30, which was recovered by one oral dose of Cetirizine 10mg (Zyrtec®, 10 mg tablets, UCB Pharma, England). In a study conducted by Movafegh et al., [22] 56 patients to undergo an inguinal hernia repair received 15 mg meperidine in addition to 15mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine intrathecally and the patients were divided into two equal groups. No premedication was given to the control group while the study group received premedication with 0.1 mg/kg i.v dexamethasone. Possible side effect profiles of the groups (nausea, vomiting, pruritus, and respiratory depression) were observed in the postoperative period. In cases premedicated with dexamethasone, all possible side effects were less observed in the postoperative period and even the patients were reported to have much higher postoperative pain scores [22]. Although it was emphasized that premedication with dexamethasone may not be reliable for every patient (particularly for the patients with diabetes); it was stated that it may have created a synergism with meperidine in the postoperative pain control [22]. In our study, no additional premedication was administered on any of the patients and no serious side effect was observed in all the groups. No respiratory depression was observed in any of 56 cases in the study conducted by Movafegh et al. [22]. Similarly in our study, no respiratory depression was observed among the cases; however when we reviewed the literature, it has been reported that isolated cases have had the respiratory depression with a dose of intrathecal meperidine above 0.5 mg/kg [23].

Comparative studies have been conducted on the elective caesarean section cases related to the use of meperidine as intrathecally isolated or in combination with local anaesthetics. In a study conducted by Kafle, 50 pregnant women who reached the last stage (mature gravida) were divided into two groups and one group received 5% meperidine intrathecally with a dose of 1mgs/kg; whereas, the other group received 5% lidocaine with a volume of 1.2-1.4 ml intrathecally. While pruritus and tendency to sleep were more commonly observed in the group to which meperidine was administered, the hypotension was more commonly encountered in the lidocaine group. The minimum postoperative painless period was 6 hours in the meperidine group; whereas, the postoperative painless period was limited with only one hour in the lidocaine group and therefore, there was a high need for analgesic in the lidocaine group [24]. Similarly, Atalay et al., [25] divided 80 pregnant women, in their term stages among elective caesarean section cases, into 4 equal groups; 10 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine was administered to the first group, 5 mg isobaric bupivacaine and 25 mg meperidine to the 2nd group, and 30 and 35 mg meperidine respectively along with 5 mg isobaric bupivacaine to the last two groups. Hemodynamic stabilities of groups in the perioperative period were noted, and their motor block levels, sensory block levels, side effects such as nausea, vomiting and itching and the Apgar scores of the newborns were compared in the postoperative period by using Bromage scale. Motor block time was found to be better in groups that received meperidine. Postoperative analgesia quality was once again found to be higher in groups that received meperidine; however, no additional benefit was reported when the group receiving 35 and 30 mg meperidine and the group receiving 25 mg meperidine as the lowest dose were compared. Additionally, the group that received a low dose of meperidine (25 mg meperidine) was emphasized to be more advantageous in terms of postoperative side effect profile compared to all groups. These results are in parallel with our study because the group BM15 achieved a postoperative analgesia quality as high as the group BM30, and did not provide any additional advantage in terms of perioperative hemodynamic stability [25]. In a study conducted by YektaŞ [26] for the purpose of intrathecal multimodal analgesia; 100 male cases to undergo inguinal hernia repair were divided into 5 groups that consisted of 20 patients and, 15 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine and 0.5 ml physiological saline solution were administered to the first group, 17.5 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine the 2nd group, 25 mcg fentanyl and 15 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine to the 3rd group, and 2.5 mcg sufentanyl to the 4th group; whereas, the last group received TIVA (Total Intravenous Anaesthesia). When the postoperative pain scores of groups were compared, they were better in the groups, which received fentanyl and sufentanyl (3rd and 4th groups) with the purpose of intrathecal multimodal analgesia, compared to all groups [26]. Similar results were obtained in our study; postoperative analgesia quality was higher in groups in which meperidine was added to intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine.

Consequently, low dose of meperidine added to bupivacaine by reducing the hyperbaric bupivacaine dose in TURP operations ensured more reliable hemodynamic conditions in perioperative terms and increased analgesia quality in the postoperative period. Endoscopic urologic interventions are commonly performed on the population of geriatric patients with poor cardiac reserves; therefore, the combination of a low dose of bupivacaine with a low dose of meperidine may be a good option for this patient population. At the same time; it may be an alternative option for lower extremity surgery, inguinal hernia repair, obstetrics and gynaecology for the purpose of intrathecal multimodal analgesia. In our study and in similar studies, it has been reported that the intrathecal use of a high dose of meperidine does not provide any additional advantage; nevertheless future studies are required in order to research the optimum intrathecal dose of meperidine.

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