Memory & Expectation — Predicting What Comes Next
Memory plays a central role in predictive processing. The brain uses stored experiences to anticipate patterns, fill in missing information, and guide perception. Instead of reacting to the present moment from scratch, we interpret the world by referencing prior knowledge — what we have seen, heard, and learned before (Rao & Ballard 1999).
This helps explain why two people can view the same event and perceive it differently: different memories create different expectations. It also clarifies why familiar environments feel easier to navigate — the brain can predict what will happen with greater accuracy.
Prediction is most visible in ambiguous situations. When sensory information is weak or noisy, the brain leans heavily on memory to “guess” what’s happening. These guesses feel automatic, but they shape everything from reading text quickly to recognizing faces to responding to potential threats. Understanding these memory-based predictions helps explain errors such as false memories, biases, and perceptual distortions.
