#manhattanproject

Boeing B-29 Superfortress

The Boeing B-29 Superfortress was a four-engined, long-range bomber of the United States Air Force. The largest of all Second World War (1939-45) bombers, B-29s were used to strike Japanese targets from the summer of 1944. In August 1945, the B-29s 'Enola Gay' and 'Bockscar' each dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively, thereby ending the war.

Development

In the 1930s, the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) required a long-range strategic bomber that could attack enemy targets thousands of miles from the aircraft's home base. One of the problems to make such an aircraft a reality was to find engines which were powerful enough for the task. The project to design and build a long-range, high-altitude precision bomber, or VLR (Very Long Range) as such aircraft became known, was greatly accelerated following the invasion of Poland in 1939 by Nazi Germany and the outbreak of WWII. In January 1940, five aircraft companies were tasked with designing a VLR bomber. Four companies came back with a design proposal: Consolidated, Douglas, Lockhead, and Boeing. After two of the companies later withdrew, only Consolidated and Boeing won construction contracts in September 1940. Ultimately, each company built three prototypes. Boeing's construction plans were more advanced since it had already been working on modifications of its existing Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress design. Boeing received an order of 1,500 VLRs and promised these aircraft would be ready within three years.

Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour in Hawaii, home of the US Pacific naval fleet, on 7 December 1941, the need for VLRs in the vast theatre of the Pacific Ocean suddenly became a necessity. The first Boing VLR prototype, called XB-29, flew on 21 September 1942. The very large wings of the craft were designed to help it land at lower speeds, and tricycle landing gears helped bear the tremendous weight. 14 test aircraft began to fly from June 1943. The planes were built at four principal plants: Renton, Wichita, Marietta, and Omaha. Boeing, Bell, and Martin were just three of the main companies involved, but there were thousands of others providing components and partial assembly. The B-29 project "was the largest aircraft manufacturing project undertaken in the USA during World War II" (Mondey, 29). It was also the most expensive. From the autumn of 1943, the first B-29 bombers were delivered to US air bases.

B-29 Superfortress in Flight

US Air Force (Public Domain)

A combination of the COVID-19 pandemic and a surge in streaming platform content has made life very difficult for cinemas in recent times. Why venture out, find a parking spot, queue for snacks and sit with strangers in the dark when you can watch whatever you like from the comfort of home, right?

But convenience can come at a cost. Our at-home screens and digital devices have been dominated by superheroes, seasons and remakes of late, and fatigue is starting to set in. Franchises have ballooned so much that even die-hard fans are finding it hard to keep engaged, let alone keep up. This bombardment of unimaginative content has left many lovers of cinema bored.

Enter the Barbenheimer phenomenon.

Dubbed Barbenheimer due to the dual release date (July 20th here in Australia) of Warner Bros. and Greta Gerwig’s ‘Barbie’ and Universal Pictures and Christopher Nolan’s ‘Oppenheimer’, these films have been smashing it at the box office, persuading people to return to their local cinemas in droves.

Sure, a saturation of ads, interviews, trailers and exclusive clips have had something to do with their success so far, but it’s mostly been fuelled by a desire for fresh stories and a contagious case of FOMO.

The notion that both movies are best experienced in the cinema surfaced organically with the hype, and a healthy dose of cross-promotion from the creatives of both sides has been yet another driver for record ticket sales.

Nolan is known for his large-scale epics of practical effects, big sights and even bigger sounds, so it was only natural that ‘Oppenheimer’ was going to be promoted as a must-see on the big screen.

Veteran Nolan collaborator Cillian Murphy (who plays J. Robert Oppenheimer, the “father of the atomic bomb”) is mesmerising is his first, proper leading role in Hollywood, and is backed by an all-star ensemble cast that includes Emily Blunt, Matt Damon, Robert Downey Jr., Florence Pugh, Josh Hartnett and Kenneth Branagh. And Ludwig Goransaon’s suspenseful score acts like a character of its own.

Although most of us knew a bit about The Manhattan Project, the Trinity test and the subsequent (and horrific) bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, very few of us knew about the man behind the story.

‘Oppenheimer’ is an explosive, 3-hour look at his early life, his work and relationships, his obsession with quantum physics and his eventual role as the face of the Atomic Age. It’s about the biggest, global gamble to date (the bomb was either going to exacerbate all wars, end all wars or end the world), and it plays out in typical Nolan fashion with staggering IMAX camera visuals, going from the dusty desert vistas of Los Alamos, to the black and white colour gradings of claustrophobic courtrooms.

Gerwig on the other hand, is best known for acting in mumblecore movies and directing arthouse style, female-led films like ‘Little Women’ and ‘Lady Bird’.

‘Barbie’ is her first turn at a blockbuster, with an ensemble cast that is yes, mostly women, but has some stellar supporting male actors in the mix. With a picture-perfect Margot Robbie at the helm, ‘Barbie’ follows the titular Mattel doll’s journey from Barbieland into the real world, where she is confronted with an existence that is wildly different to her own.

Hilarity (and some heartfelt moments) ensue, with Ryan Gosling stealing every scene he’s in as her peroxide blonde, lovesick sidekick Ken, plus some fun supporting performances from the likes of America Ferrera, Issa Rae, Kate McKinnon, Michael Cera, Will Ferrell, Simu Liu and Kingsley Ben-Adir.

Gerwig’s plastic fantastic, feminist world gives off serious summer vacay vibes, all technicolor blue skies, hot pink dreamhouses, glittery dancefloors and sunny beaches - with a super catchy soundtrack to boot!

With one movie about a bomb and the other about a bombshell, on the surface, it looked like they were going to appeal to two very different types of moviegoers. But we couldn’t have been more wrong, and hallelujah for that!

People have turned Barbenheimer into an event, getting big groups together, dressing up and booking back-to-back screenings. There’s even merch and memes, but more importantly, there’s hope. Hope that Hollywood still has more to offer than CGI, stunts and sequels.

In their first three days in the theatre, Barbenheimer generated a whopping $244.5 million dollars combined. If that’s not the definition of going off with a bang, I don’t know what is…

Lesson 84: “We are in an age of discovery... We live in the world of the unknown. That’s the only place to live.”

Meet Lloyd Albert Quarterman: flourine chemist, and one of only six Black scientists on the Manhattan Project. Born in 1918 in Philadelphia, Quarterman graduated from St. Augustine’s College, worked as a junior chemist at Columbia University, and studied under none other than Enrico Fermi at the University of Chicago.

Quarterman was one of the early recruits to the Manhattan Project in 1943, detailed in particular to a confidentual Chicago-based team that worked to separate the U-235 isotope with a distillation system that used hydrogen fluoride --at its simplest, a gaseous diffusion method of obtaining fissionable materials: that is to say, transformation of solid uranium into uranium gas. "We split the atom in the East. We were working there on the atomic bomb," he would later recall. "But the world's first nuclear reactor, which used the atomic splitting process in a peaceful way, was set up here in Chicago."

Have you heard of Manhattan Project National Historical Park?