#lundakingdom

the luapula river crossing. among the most visually striking moments of the mutomboko is the mwata kazembe's crossing of the luapula river by traditional canoe. this is not a metaphorical crossing. mwata kazembe XIX makes the actual crossing, in an actual canoe, accompanied by the royal drummers and singers who carry the specific songs of the lunda migration. the luapula river that the mwata crosses in july each year is the same river — or the spiritual successor of the same river — that the first mwata kazembe crossed when he established the kingdom more than three centuries ago. in crossing it again in ceremony, the mwata is not performing history. he is making history continuous.

the luapula forms the international border between zambia and the DRC — and the lunda people, whose territory predates that border, live on both sides. when the mwata crosses in his canoe, he crosses a border that has no meaning in the ceremonial context. the lunda world is one world.

the court etiquette. the 2025 royal statement made explicit what the lunda court has maintained across centuries.

dress: traditional lunda dress expected — royals in white and red (the lunda royal colours), women in chitenge wraps or ankle-length skirts, men in long trousers. greeting: "eh mwane!" accompanied by three claps — the specific form of address acknowledging the mwata's authority. the muselo: the sacred zebra skin is not merely a regalia item — it is a boundary marker, the most visible symbol of the sacred space around the mwata's person. political symbols: explicitly banned by the 2025 royal statement. the ceremony's ground is cultural ground, not political ground.

why etiquette matters. in a country where traditional ceremonies are sometimes treated as entertainment or political stages, the mutomboko's explicit court etiquette is a statement about what the ceremony is and is not. it is not a spectacle for passive observers. it is a living court — a functioning political and spiritual institution — at which the mwata kazembe is not a performer but a king, and at which every person present is a participant in a relationship between a community, its leader, its ancestors, and its land.

the canoe crosses the luapula. the mwata dances with the mwelele. the court receives its visitors with "eh mwane!" and three claps. the mutomboko arc is complete.

held annually in mwansabombwe district on the last saturday of july, mutomboko unfolds across two days, each with its own sacred geography and specific objects.

day one — the rituals. the mwata opens the ceremony performing traditional rituals at sacred sites, paying homage to ancestral spirits. at nakabutula — a sacred hut in the palace grounds — he is smeared with inkula, ochre-coloured dust, by the hut's keeper. at the western gates, he is smeared with ulupemba — white dust — by the lunde, caretakers of the shrines of chinyanta and kasombola, two princely brothers murdered by drowning in the early 1700s. their shrines connect the present ceremony directly to a tragedy more than three centuries old.

the mwata pours beer and throws food into the ng'ona river, saying: "what your fathers died for should follow you." he then holds court with local chiefs, headmen, and dignitaries.

day one also includes a visit to mpembwe — an elongated trench that served as a hidden refuge during times of war. villagers bring traditional beer and seasonal seeds as offerings there. under the miyombo trees, sub-chiefs — mutentamo — are installed.

day two — the dance. an animal is slaughtered. the mwata, clothed in the muselo — sacred zebra skin; stepping on it means your shoes are confiscated — is carried by eight men, the abena mumba (ifimankata), royal hammock bearers, to a central ground. surrounded by cheering, drumming, dancing subjects firing volley guns, he performs the mutomboko — the lunda dance of victory, the ceremony's climax.

the regalia: armed with the sacred sword mwelele and an axe, the mwata wears the mukonzo — a kilt of over 40 metres of cloth folded thick around the waist. his assistant holds the lucaca and must keep pace with the dancing. the drums: ichinkumbi. as he dances, the mwata points his sword north, east, south, west, then sky and ground — only god and death can conquer him.

part of the reenactment: the mwata crosses the luapula river by traditional canoe, commemorating the lunda migration from kola in the congo in the 17th century.

in july 2025, mwata kazembe XIX banned political regalia at the ceremony, calling for unity through traditional white and red dress. greet with "eh mwane!" and three claps. don't approach the muselo.

a sacred hut. a drowned prince's shrine. a trench that hid a kingdom from war. a forty-metre kilt. a sword pointed at the sky. mutomboko is not one ceremony. it is a kingdom's entire history, performed in two days.