How do you approach worldbuilding? Where do you start and how do you develop a culture/history/customs/ecc. from there?
So, my approach to world-building is a little all over the place, upon reflection! 😅 I seem to take multiple approaches to the task.
What I generally lean towards is narrative-driven worldbuilding, for the most part, where the story itself drives the worldbuilding. There's a degree of constructive, top-down world-building involved as well, but that's more to provide a skeleton for a world that I can flesh out as I need to as I write (or as folks ask questions) rather than a step-by-step, minutiae-focused process for every little thing.
When the story itself isn't the driving force for my worldbuilding, I often find that I start with a question and work to create something that feels original, but also not completely unreasonable. It can be something like 'What kinds of foods do they eat, and how?' or it can be 'How does this society function in these conditions, and how have those adaptations affected how they see the rest of the world?'
Other times, ideas come to me after I've gotten distracted by something else - like learning about the dying traditions of fibre crafts and textile arts in the UK and the rest of Europe - and I decide to see if I can incorporate those ideas with the details I've already established. This is how the Artisan Guilds came to be, in part.
For things like culture and history... I don't believe that there's such a thing as a truly new and original story. All the stories that have ever and will ever be told already exist, in fractured bits, in history and in folklore and mythology. So, I turn to those things for inspiration. Often, real world history can serve as a useful framework for how a civilization might develop over time - positively and negatively.
Even just looking at a rough timeline of, say, Western civilization, you can start to modify it to your own writing purposes by asking yourself: what would I change? What would I add? What if X event never happened, or if Y event happened 200 years earlier? Even if you don't end up with anything really usable, it's a good exercise to get into the habit of!
Now, sometimes I draw more obviously on some aspects of real-world culture, such as the Bulreeng Taal festival and its very clear parallels to the Hindu holiday known as Holi, but whenever I do go that route I try to change it to fit my world and make it feel as properly alien as I can in whatever scene it features in. Am I always successful? Probably not - but it's still important to make the effort to make an idea your own rather than ripping it wholesale and just slapping a sticker on it.
To be perfectly honest, though? Sometimes I just go off of vibes. This isn't helpful for anyone hoping to learn from this, I know, but it's true! Sometimes, I'm writing and I'm in the groove. The words are spilling out onto the page, the story is flowing, everything is weaving together, and some random detail will get worked in that works really well with the scene - and suddenly I have a new thing to add to the lore.
It helps that I am, by nature, a lore hound. I love lore. I love learning about the lore behind a world or a character, be it a book or a movie or a game. I consume vast quantities of media in almost all formats and across genres, and my profound desire to learn more about some obscure apocryphal short novella vaguely related to something else I was learning about has led to me to places I wouldn't have gone with a taser, a Maglite, and a very large dog.
In consuming and absorbing so much lore, I think I've also managed to internalise some kind of... world-building wine barrel? Cheese cellar? It's not a perfect comparison, either way, but essentially raw, half-assed ideas go in, they sit and age, and I occasionally revisit them and turn them this way and that, and then I put them back in the barrel, maybe with something new thrown in. This can repeat a dozen times, easily. Vague notions and barely thought out plans slowly become more and more complex the longer I leave them, and then one day I check the barrel and there's a really good idea in there. (Give or take a few duds, but no one's perfect.)
And the thing is, my brain is always doing this. Always.
Regardless of how I come about an idea, I try to make sure all of my ideas are grounded in an imperfect reality, rather than creating something that requires an impossible utopia to exist. Universes like Star Trek tend to present this idealized future where all of humanity's problems are things of the past, even when they demonstrably aren't, and I actually find that distasteful as a writer. The world thrives on conflict. Societies and cultures grow in adversity. If you remove struggle, all you're left with is stagnation, and there's no place for a story in that kind of world.
I think that more or less covers it? Sorry if this got a bit rambling!