#lm2596

LM5166DRCR is a module for the synchronous buck converter. A buck converter is a step-down DC to DC converter required in most applications. Most of the applications require low voltage dr operation, but the supply voltage is higher. That is why buck converters are needed to step down the higher voltage to the lower voltage. Various smaller gadgets require a low voltage, and buck converter provides power to the smaller devices. Synchronous buck converters, in addition to step downing, the voltage is providing the feature of higher LM5166DRCR current delivery with minimal power loss.

LM5166DRCR synchronous buck converter is a module that can be handled easily and provides high efficiency for a wide range of input voltages. The module LM5166DRCR is a 10 pin integrated circuit. 

PIN 1 is named SW, a switching node. SW is     internally connected to the PFET switch. An external buck inductor should     be connected to this pin to achieve the best performance. 

Pin 2 is the input pin. Input regulated     voltage source should be connected to this pin and an input capacitor that     can minimize the ripples in the input. The connection between the input     pin and capacitor should be smaller to ensure the least distance and     minimize fluctuations due to wires. 

ILIM pin is to provide the current limit.     Three current limit options are available. To select three current limit     options, an external resistor should be connected between the ILIM pin and     GND pin. 

SS pin can control the delay. Internal     soft-start delay can be turned off by connecting a 100 Kohm resistor     between the SS pin and GND. The soft delay can be controlled if an     external capacitor is connected between the SS pin and GND. Soft delay can     control the behavior of Feedback voltage. If SW pin is left open, ramp     behavior of fee back reference is observed. 

RT pin can select the mode and on-time     programming. A resistor connected between the RT and ground can select the     on-time. Enable pin can activate the module if the input voltage exceeds     1.22 volts.

The module LM5166DRCR offers the precision enable and hysteresis input UVLO with switching frequency up to 600kHz. Using the circuitry above, pulse frequency mode modulation mode and constant on-time mode can be selected. In pulse frequency modulation mode module, The LM5166 incorporates other features for comprehensive system requirements, including an open-drain Power Good circuit for power-rail sequencing and fault reporting, internally-fixed or externally-adjustable soft start, monotonic start-up into pre-biased loads, precision enable with customizable hysteresis for programmable line Under-voltage lockout (UVLO), and thermal shutdown with automatic recovery. These features allow a flexible and easy-to-use platform for various applications. The pin arrangement is designed for a simple and optimized PCB Layout, requiring only a few external components acting as a hysteretic voltage regulator that operates in boundary conduction mode. Feedback controls the output voltage between the upper and lower threshold. In the case of COT mode, the high side MOSFET is activated. Another advantage offered by LM5166DRCR is the high side- PMosfet that can operate at 100 % duty cycle with low drop-out voltage. Fault detection can be performed by using the PGOOD indicator of the IC. 

FPGA stands for field-programmable gate array. Starting with a basic definition, essentially, an FPGA is a hardware circuit that a user can program to carry out one or more logical operations. FPGAs are integrated circuits or ICs. Those circuits, or arrays, are groups of programmable logic gates, memory, or other elements. The user programs the hardware circuit/circuits. The programming can be a single, simple logic gate or can involve one or more complex functions, including tasks that together act as a comprehensive multi-core processor.

FPGAs provide you with the opportunity to choose between programming a custom digital circuit with your discrete logic or creating the circuit directly in silicon. Each of these options has its respective advantages/disadvantages. FPGAs can perform multiple independent tasks simultaneously by designating dedicated portions of the FPGAs to perform individual tasks. This process increases the performance of FPGAs exponentially. So, in fields where high performance and extensive computation are required, FPGAs are the ideal candidates.

·        FPGAs are used in many industries and applications such as:

·        The energy sector (renewable energy)

·        Automotive industry

·        Aerospace

·        Defense sector

·        Analog to digital converters

·        Artificial intelligence

·        ASIC Prototyping

·        Broadcast & Pro AV

·        Video & Image Processing

·        Wired and Wireless communications

·        Medical industry

·        Consumer electronics

·        High-performance computing

·        Data storage.

There are alternatives available for FGAS, however, it has been proven that over time FPGAs are the most flexible and cost-effective option. There are two alternatives available for FPGAs. These are

1)     ASIC

2)     Network Processor (NPU).

The disadvantages of ASIC outweigh its advantages. Although ASIC has many attractive qualities, it does not offer the flexibility that the FPGA does. The lack of programmability, prolonged and intensive development cycles, and high cost at low volume render the ASIC a very unattractive product for packet processing and application offload functionality.

Both Network processors and FPGAs are programmable. As a result, they are an ideal candidate for environments where there is a need for customization or where requirements change over time. When comparing FPGAs with NPUs, FPGAs have some distinct advantages over NPUS. These advantages include the new silicon technologies (e.g., 25G SerDes, DDR4 DRAM support) available on FPGAs first. This is mainly because the FPGA market is more significant (FPGAs are used across industries as diverse as defense, broadcasting, and medical) and, therefore, more stable and profitable. This leads to more significant investment, innovation, and better pricing. On the technical side, FPGAs use less power and have more deterministic latency and performance, which are distinct advantages for packet processing and application offload.

FPGAs are classified based on the internal arrangement of blocks and programming. Based on the internal configuration of blocks, FPGAs are classified into the following three types

·        Symmetrical arrays

·        Row-based architecture

·        Hierarchical PLD

Whereas based on programming FPGAs are classified into the following types

·        Flash-based FPGAs

·        Antifuse-based FPGAs