#lecture2

Lecture#2 Basic of Design II

Dynamics of Forms

A limited number of forms were given to us and we were asked to explore various interrelationships as human relations as closely-knit to our sketchbook as possible.

You can see the given forms in the photo above.

Lecture 2 was one of the most interesting lectures so far. Richard suggested bluegrass music, i tried listening to it. However, it was quite different from what i have listened to so far. I did like it in the being but the as the song progressed it started sounding a lot more weird. country music have evolved over the recent years. i was not able to focus on the core aspects of the music, but it was a unique experience. 

Summary of the Lecture:

Lecture started with Richard explaining the important of personal info and how someone can mistakenly expose it to other. it was advised that no one should advertise himself as a target and sensitive information should always be kept hidden. Furthermore, Single point failure should also be avoided as a security system is like an M and M’s once some has an access to the internal he can have access to numerous information. Moreover, Different Reckons were discussed i.e. passive and active reckon. Active Reckons usually leave traces where as passive reckons try to avoid traces.  

Ciphers

Exploitation of order/ entropy

Caesar cipher - shift every letter by one letter

Vignere: each letter is shifted a specific number of letters depending on its position in the word (shifted by Caesar-shift)

Abba - 1221

Decode Hello using money - superimpose 'money' on top of 'hello' and use table (Kasiski test)

HW: index of co-incidence - learn it

Enigma Machine

Substitution cipher

Each letter of the plain text was uncyphered by a different substitution

An almost infinite password (password extender)

HW: look it up and make sure I can use it (rotors only). Understand its weakness - 4 things were not taken into account by the operators

Cyphers are amenable to brute force attacks but they are very time consuming

Bits of Work (Brute force)

2^10 = 1,024

2^20 = 1,048,576

2^30 = 1,073,741,824

Therefore, the work that a hacker must do to decode something is usually half the combination of keys. Therefore 1 million keys means 2^29 bits of work (2^30 is around 1 million so half of that is 2^29)

For the scope of the course, 256 bits of work is the limit

Brute force should be the last resort

India invented chess :P

OTP (one time pad)

Password is the length of the message and shifted by a random amount

Length is known but the message, once decoded can be represented by many types of messages

Key cannot be sent over with the message - can be intercepted by the hacker

You cannot use the key more than once. You can use two messages to decipher each other

Tempest: (verona) - electromagnetic radiation can be monitored (side channel attack)

Number stations: audio recording of someone reading numbers out

HW: lava lamps used to generate random bits

False Positives

e.g. a person is guilty but are tried as innocent vs an innocent person is tried as guilty

To minimise one, you will increase the other - trade-off

Type 1 and Type 2

It will cause more embarrassment for people when there is an error - benefit the company to be more liberal in their security

Liberal Type 1, Labour Type 2

Cyber Security Attack

Spear Phishing

Privilege escalation

Exploitation of trust

Not highly technical

HW: Bruce Schneir

 Future Worlds - Week 2 Lecture notes

24.07.17

1. What kind of World?

A fantasy filled with magical creatures? A sci-fi futuristic covered with aliens? Anything is possible! Just start with your desired theme and build from there.

2. Set rules for the World?

If it's a fantasy filled with goblins you cannot have an alien come out and attack the main character! Y

ou need to set laws, like who can and can't do this, where something will always be found, what is taboo and what not. 

Consistency is needed. You also need laws of Physics; not just government laws.

Show don’t tell

Not necessarily harsh - protagonist might struggle against humans, technology, or some created system

Explain the rules

But the rules are part of the story - don’t make it exposition

Go for the big picture

Zoom out to see the whole world - countries?

World building is about perspective

Whose perspective do you choose now?

Create believable characters

Characters have something to look forward to - aka desires, and something positive

Do the characters know they are living in a dystopia?

What do they know and believe about the world? They may not

know they are living in the Matrix.

Perhaps they suspect another world or remember their past

Is your character alone?

A survivalist? Easy desolation, but cliche.

Grey skies, grey intentions?

The bad guys don’t think they are bad.

What is the governing rationale - the ideology may be good

the outcomes bad

Impartiality around secondary characters

Your protagonist should be multi-dimensional - not purely

good.

GAME GODS

Richard Bartle says  “Virtual world designers can’t add story, they can only add content. Content provides experiences that can be made by those who come through or observe them into story.” Bartle - 

players don’t know

According to Robert Pratten “at its most open-ended, the virtual world (or transmedia experience) creates a world with lots of actionable content and choices but no plot?”

But what if players created plot - story - narrative?

ARG - Virtual Worlds

●  Bartle denied user generated content - and didn’t foresee ARGs - player create and dynamic narratives

●  False dichotomy - the virtual vs. the real

●  Real time - real players

●  Virtual worlds are not just platforms but

  contain platforms

●  Virtual worlds can interact with the

Main Character - the World

“Every story in your world is, in a way, a tale of that world no matter who the "real" protagonist is. The events that happen affect the world. They come from the past; they manifest in the present; they define the future.”

                             Steven Savage, Way with Worlds

Characters: manifestations of the World

“Each character you write is a view on the world – and rarely do they truly know everything, which only serves to enrich the story and make them more believable in their flaws and strivings.”

                             Steven Savage, Way with Worlds

Question 

Research all of the protocols mentioned in Topic 2, Lecture 2. Give a brief overview of each one. Identify in which layer of the OSI Model they belong.

Answers

Physical Layer protocols .

DataLink Layer protocols.

Ethernet -  Responsible on how networked devices can format data for transmission to other network devices on the same network segment.

Token Ring - Local area network (LAN) topology where nodes/stations are arranged in a ring topology. 

FDDI - Fiber Distributed Data Interface. Responsible for geographically large-scaled organizations that support thousands of end user. 

IEEE 802.11 -  Set of standards that define communication for wireless LANs (wireless local area networks, or WLANs).

ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode. A switching technique used by telecommunication networks that uses asynchronous time-division multiplexing to encode data into small, fixed-sized cells.

PPP - Point-to-Point Protocol. Provide a standard way to transport multi protocol data over point-to-point links.

HDLC - High-level Data Link Control. Transmitting data between network points.

Network Layer Protocols 

IP- Internet Protocols. Method of data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet.

OSPF- Open Shortest Path First. Used to find the best path for packets as they pass through a set of connected networks.

BGP - Border Gateway Protocol. Manages how packets are routed across the internet through the exchange of routing and reachability information between edge routers.

NetBEUI -  NetBIOS Extended User Interface.  Provides network/network layer support while optimizing small to medium-sized operating systems (OS)

DDP - Distributed Data Protocol. Uses to communicate between the client and the server.

Transport Layer protocol

TCP - Transmission Control Protocol. Establish and maintain a network conversation via which application programs can exchange data.

UDP - User Datagram Protocol.  Used to send short messages called datagrams. 

NetBEUI - NetBIOS Extended User Interface. Lets computers communicate within a local area network.

SPX - Sequenced Packet Exchange.  Handles the connections between systems. 

ATP- Autonomous transport protocol.  Maintain a reliable transport connection between two endpoints. 

Session Layer Protocols

ASP - Application service provider. Provides individual users – or an entire enterprise – with software applications over a network,

NetBIOS - Network Basic Input/Output System. Allows applications on different computers to communicate within a local area network (LAN).

Presentation Layer Protocols

AFP - Apple Filing Protocol.  Allows users to access outside system files.

SMB - Server Message Block.  Allows systems within the same network to share files.

NCP - Network Control Program. Allowed users to access and use computers and devices at remote locations and to transmit files between computers.

SSL - Secure Sockets Layer.  Establishing an encrypted link between a web server and a browser.

MIME -  Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extensions. Exchange different kinds of data files on the Internet. 

Application Layer Protocols 

DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Communications protocol that network administrators use to centrally manage and automate the network configuration of devices attaching to an Internet Protocol (IP) network.

HTTP :  HyperText Transfer Protocol. Protocol used read the html language.

FTP :  File Transfer Protocol.  Sharing files to another.

POP3 :  Post Office Protocol 3.  POP 3 responsible of receiving the mail.

SMTP : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. SMTP responsible for sending the email.

IMAP : Internet Message Access Protocol. It is a protocol for accessing email on a remote server from a local client. It is a method of accessing e-mail messages on a server without having to download them to your local hard drive.

   ( SMTP -> POP3 -> IMAP )

References

SearchNetworking. (2017). What is Ethernet? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/Ethernet [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017]. 

Techopedia.com. (2017). What is a Token Ring Network? - Definition from Techopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/26095/token-ring-network [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017]. 

Techopedia.com. (2017). What is a Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)? - Definition from Techopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5588/fiber-distributed-data-interface-fddi [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017]. 

Techopedia.com. (2017). What is IEEE 802.11? - Definition from Techopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/24967/ieee-80211 [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017]. 

Techopedia.com. (2017). What is Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)? - Definition from Techopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/5339/asynchronous-transfer-mode-atm [Accessed 18 Apr. 2017].

SearchNetworking. (2017). What is PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/PPP [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].

SearchNetworking. (2017). What is HDLC (High-level Data Link Control)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/HDLC [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].    

SearchUnifiedCommunications. (2017). What is Internet Protocol? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchunifiedcommunications.techtarget.com/definition/Internet-Protocol [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017]. 

SearchEnterpriseWAN. (2017). What is OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchenterprisewan.techtarget.com/definition/OSPF [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017]. 

SearchTelecom. (2017). What is BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/definition/BGP [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017]. 

Techopedia.com. (2017). What is NetBIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI)? - Definition from Techopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/8529/netbios-extended-user-interface-netbeui [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017]. 

SearchWindowsServer. (2017). What is NetBEUI (NetBIOS Extended User Interface)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchwindowsserver.techtarget.com/definition/NetBEUI-NetBIOS-Extended-User-Interface [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017]. 

SearchNetworking. (2017). What is HDLC (High-level Data Link Control)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/HDLC [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017]. 

SearchNetworking. (2017). What is TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/TCP [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017]. 

Techopedia.com. (2017). What is User Datagram Protocol (UDP)? - Definition from Techopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13460/user-datagram-protocol-udp [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017]. 

Techterms.com. (2017). SPX (Sequenced Packet Exchange) Definition. [online] Available at: https://techterms.com/definition/spx [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017]. 

Ieeexplore.ieee.org. (2017). ATP: autonomous transport protocol - IEEE Xplore Document. [online] Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1562312/ [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017]. 

Techopedia.com. (2017). What is an Application Service Provider (ASP)? - Definition from Techopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2476/application-service-provider-asp [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017]. 

SearchNetworking. (2017). What is NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/NetBIOS [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017]. 

Techopedia.com. (2017). What is AppleTalk Filing Protocol (AFP)? - Definition from Techopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/25674/appletalk-filing-protocol-afp [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017]. 

Techterms.com. (2017). SMB (Server Message Block) Definition. [online] Available at: https://techterms.com/definition/smb [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017]. 

Techopedia.com. (2017). What is Network Control Protocol (NCP)? - Definition from Techopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/27856/network-control-protocol-ncp [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017]. 

info.ssl.com (2017).  Q10241 - FAQ: What is SSL? . [online] Available at:  http://info.ssl.com/article.aspx?id=10241 [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].

SearchMicroservices. (2017). What is MIME (Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extensions)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchmicroservices.techtarget.com/definition/MIME-Multi-Purpose-Internet-Mail-Extensions [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017]. 

Technet.microsoft.com. (2017). What Is DHCP?: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). [online] Available at: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc781008(v=ws.10).aspx [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017]. 

SearchEnterpriseWAN. (2017). What is File Transfer Protocol (FTP)? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] Available at: http://searchenterprisewan.techtarget.com/definition/File-Transfer-Protocol [Accessed 17 Apr. 2017].