#kearmoltir

@silverhart-makes-art (link to post here) has all eight here, and has made the majority of them Not Fish to give us a good oceanic variety. The reasoning behind the Alrittraes (see the linked post) is pretty good, I think, and I'm fascinated by the design of the Radwahrekh.

@cheapsweets (link to post here) has given us a similar top-to-bottom oceanic scene in a different style -- these are making me nostalgic for those big illustrations of All The Different Sea Critters I enjoyed staring at as a kid. The Alrittraes is very good in this one too -- I swear I've seen that critter on an old-fashioned Map of the Ocean somewhere. I also like the verging-on-draconic design of the Blochmokan.

@strixcattus (link to post here) has drawn all eight and attached naturalistic descriptions, as is their wont. Honestly I'm always impressed by how well those descriptions scan as Probably Real Animals. I think the designs of the Alrittraes and Blochmokan are particularly charming here, which is becoming a theme.

So, the Aberdeen Bestiary. No illustrations at all in this section, which is extremely disappointing. Probably due to the author's terrestrial bias. After the above list of creatures, the author goes on an extended digression about fish in general, their feeding and mating habits, and... and apparently Past Me was lazy enough to just skim this whole section on account of each folio just being labeled "Of fish, continued".* Which was a mistake, because it does transition back into talking about specific animals (a number of which are 100% not fish).

*I believe the folio labels are based on the manuscript's rubricated headings, so I can't pass off the blame on them for not making note of this.

So next week isn't the last one, because some of these critters are pretty good, and I can't let Past Me's laziness deny them their time in the spotlight. Once I've typed up this post, I'll go queue up another one to be the actual final Bestiaryposting. A Bestiarypostscript, if you will.

Anyway, the critters from this post.

Alrittraes

I think the water-spout thing flagged to many that this is the whale. Here's the unredacted end of that entry:

Whales are beasts of huge size, so called because of their habit of drawing in and spouting out water; for they make waves higher than other sea creatures; the Greek word balenim [balein] means 'to emit'. The male is called musculus; for it is alleged that the females conceive by intercourse.

In fact, the Ancient Greek phállaina just means 'whale'. (Its original etymology is apparently obscure.) I checked into what balein and balenim might mean just to be sure -- the former is Dutch for 'baleen', which makes sense. The latter is apparently the Czech word for 'package' in either the singular instrumental or plural dative form. So... I don't think this etymology is correct, is what I'm saying.

The bit about conceiving by intercourse, I think, is because they're mammals. Someone either made some observations about genital anatomy or actually observed whale sex out on the high seas somehow, and this was noted as unusual because fish aren't supposed to do that. (The medievals were fully aware of the external fertilization process, they just didn't think it counted.)

I have no idea why this means it is called musculus, and the Oxford Latin Dictionary is not helping.

I was about to continue with this and make some suggestions about the specific design of a mantlet, but honestly I think it's just the author (or, more likely, Isidore of Seville) making up nonsense etymologies.

Update: here I present the entirety of the entry for "mussel", from several pages later, which I think sheds some light on this:

Musculi are small shellfish; oysters conceive from their milk. They are called musculi, meaning, so to speak, masculi, 'males'.

So... maybe. Still weird.

Blochmokan

So this one confused me a bit, because the translator of the Aberdeen Bestiary simply calls it "flying-fish", but that seemed wrong to me because the heading says:

De belua que dicitur serra: Of the monster called the flying-fish.

And I think to myself, (a) why is it a monster? and (b) there's no way serra translates literally to 'flying fish', what is that word?

In an obvious-once-you-see-it moment, serra means 'saw' (whence English serrated). The definition 'sawfish' is also presented, but this is clearly not the same animal we call "sawfish" in English. Nor is it, I strongly suspect, the same one we call "flying fish". (Not least because bestiaries often have a very hierarchical order to them, and why would the flying fish be number two right after the whale?)

Hoping there is an explanation available on the great wide Internet, I Google "serra" "flying fish", and... who should I see as the number one result but the inestimable @a-book-of-creatures. They explain it better than I can.

Kearmoltir

So this is the dolphin, which is quite odd because apparently it means the "certain kind of fish" described here is not actually this guy like we assumed but instead a species of dolphin. Which is wild.

Meldilragg

The translator just renders this as "sea-pig", which I'm not really sure about, because as far as I know sea-pig or mereswine is an old word for 'porpoise'. Maybe they didn't translate it that way because they know something I don't.

Olnranming

This is of course the swordfish.

Radwahrekh

This might be the sawfish, but it does say serra again, so... who knows.

Shikwaewik

This one is the pike, which tracks; I don't think that needs to be elaborated upon.

Gurnwatlea

This one is the mullet, which I was surprised to see. I'm not sure why, maybe it's just because it seems like such a mundane and commonplace fish. But of course we also had some pretty mundane and commonplace mammals in that miscellany, so it's not really that weird.

Alrittraes

The nature of this animal is such that when it feeds, it opens its mouth and breathes out from it a kind of sweet-smelling odour, so that when smaller fish scent it, they gather in its mouth. When the Alrittraes feels that its mouth is full, it closes it suddenly and swallows the fish. Alrittraeses are beasts of huge size, so called because of their habit of drawing in and spouting out water; for they make waves higher than other sea creatures [etymology redacted]. … for it is alleged that the females conceive by intercourse.

So we can guess what this is, but I don't want to get deep into the weeds about classification (see a famous book that has some interesting chapters on this very subject) it says its a fish, so we're going with that general body plan, just very large!

This particular Alrittraes is floating on the surface, mouth wide open, breathing out a sweet odor that is attracting all the little fishies, and fountaining water from its nostrils.

Blochmokan

There is a sea monster called the Blochmokan, which has huge wings. When it sees a ship under sail on the sea, it raises its wings over the water and tries to keep pace with the ship for three or four miles; when it fails to keep pace, it lowers its wings and folds them. The waves carry it, exhausted, back to its home in their depths.

Definitely took some sea serpent inspiration here, albeit with wings (which I imagine are covered in scales rather than feathers. It's flying over a cog, which ties in with the next extry...

Kearmoltir

Kearmoltirs are known by that particular name or word because they follow the sound of men’s voices, or gather in schools at the sound of music. There is no swifter creature in the sea. For they often leap through the air over ships; but when they play beforehand in the swell and leap headlong through the mighty waves, they seem to foretell storms.  There is a species of Kearmoltir in the River Nile, with a serrated back, which kills crocodiles by cutting into the soft parts of their bellies.

A very happy, jolly fish here, pictured jumping over the cog and generally having a wonderful time. We also have one a little closer to the viewer for a better view (as its the swiftest creature in the sea, I took a heavy dose of inspiration from tuna, which are really cool looking), and we also have an approaching storm!

Meldilragg

Meldilraggs are commonly called swine, because when they seek food, they dig under the water like swine digging into the ground. For they have what serves as a mouth around their throat, and unless they immerse their snout in the sand, they cannot gather food.

I didn't go too literal with this one, but I did want to give it a prominent snout for digging and snuffling around on the sea floor. As the snout protrudes significantly from the front of this fishes face, the mouth is proportinately further back.

Olnranming

The Olnranming is so called because its snout is pointed; it sinks ships by piercing them with it.

Felt like this fish needed to look fairly fast and streamlined, but it its piercing clinker-built ship hulls (with potentially overlapping planks making it twice as thick) I felt like the pointy bit needed to be pretty sturdy.

Radwahrekh

Radwahrekhs are so called because they have a serrated crest; they swim under ships and saw through their keels.

A mirror to the Olnranming, really.

Shikwaewik

Its wolf-like greed for fish gives the Shikwaewik its name. It is a tricky fish to catch. It is said that when it is finally surrounded by the folds of the net, it ploughs up the sand with its tail and, hidden, swims through the net.

Now this one I did take quite literally - we have a lot of influence here from heraldric depictions of wolves, particularly the head and the pointed scales. Obviously we have a pretty unique behaviour described, so I had to put that in as well!

Gurnwatlea

The Gurnwatlea is so called because it is delicate and very tender; they say that eating it curbs lust; eating Gurnwatlea can also impair your vision; men who often eat it give off a fishy smell. If you soak a dead Gurnwatlea in wine, those who drink the liquor afterwards develop a loathing for wine. Another kind of Gurnwatlea gets its name because it is extremely agile. For when it is aware of the way in which fishermen have set their nets for it, it does not delay, but pulls back, then leaps over the net, so that you can actually see the fish fly.

So, I started thinking about this particular fish in terms of what would go well cooked in wine, and the first result I found was cod - which is fine, because they are actually really aesthetic fish!

Starting at the top, we have:

Blochmokan

There is a sea monster called the Blochmokan, which has huge wings. When it sees a ship under sail on the sea, it raises its wings over the water and tries to keep pace with the ship for three or four miles; when it fails to keep pace, it lowers its wings and folds them. The waves carry it, exhausted, back to its home in their depths.

To the left of the boat:

Kearmoltirs are known by that particular name or word because they follow the sound of men’s voices, or gather in schools at the sound of music. There is no swifter creature in the sea. For they often leap through the air over ships; but when they play beforehand in the swell and leap headlong through the mighty waves, they seem to foretell storms. There is a species of Kearmoltir in the River Nile, with a serrated back, which kills crocodiles by cutting into the soft parts of their bellies.

To the right (and possibly in the wine):

The Gurnwatlea is so called because it is delicate and very tender; they say that eating it curbs lust; eating Gurnwatlea can also impair your vision; men who often eat it give off a fishy smell. If you soak a dead Gurnwatlea in wine, those who drink the liquor afterwards develop a loathing for wine. Another kind of Gurnwatlea gets its name because it is extremely agile. For when it is aware of the way in which fishermen have set their nets for it, it does not delay, but pulls back, then leaps over the net, so that you can actually see the fish fly.

Directly under the boat:

The Olnranming is so called because its snout is pointed; it sinks ships by piercing them with it; Radwahrekhs are so called because they have a serrated crest; they swim under ships and saw through their keels.

Centered below, the Alrittraes:

The nature of this animal is such that when it feeds, it opens its mouth and breathes out from it a kind of sweet-smelling odour, so that when smaller fish scent it, they gather in its mouth. When the Alrittraes feels that its mouth is full, it closes it suddenly and swallows the fish. Alrittraeses are beasts of huge size, so called because of their habit of drawing in and spouting out water; for they make waves higher than other sea creatures [etymology redacted]. … for it is alleged that the females conceive by intercourse.

Finally, bottom left and right, the Shikwaewik and the Meldilragg, respectively:

Its wolf-like greed for fish gives the Shikwaewik its name. It is a tricky fish to catch. It is said that when it is finally surrounded by the folds of the net, it ploughs up the sand with its tail and, hidden, swims through the net.

The Alrittraes

The Alrittraes is an aquatic animal found off the coast of South America. While many confuse it for a kind of whale, it is in truth an amphibian who spends its entire life in the water, even after it has switched entirely to breathing air.

An Alrittraes may be anywhere from two to four meters in length at its adult size. Its mouth is full of thin teethlike structures which it uses to filter its food.

The Blochmokan

The Blochmokan is a kind of fish found off the eastern coast of North America, ranging from Nova Scotia to Virginia. It has two fins on its back, and often skips along the surface of the water, using these fins to lift its body partially into the air. When not doing this, it tends to stick near the seafloor in shallow waters.

The Kearmoltir

The Kearmoltir is a kind of fish found throughout rivers in much of Africa, notably the Nile. While they live most of their lives in the rivers, the adults will go downstream to the sea when they are ready to lay their eggs. Kearmoltir are up to five inches in length, and are capable of leaping an impressive height above water.

The Meldilragg

The Meldilragg, also called Sea Swine, is an aquatic creature that lives near the ocean floor. While it is capable of propulsion by spitting water, it tends to prefer to let ocean currents carry it, controlling its movements only by opening and closing the sac that covers most of its body.

The Olnranming

The Olnranming is a kind of fish found in the Atlantic Ocean. Its long, pointed bill is thought to be used to defend against predators.

The Radwahrekh

The Radwahrekh is a kind of eel found in the South China Sea. On its back, it has a spiny and firm fin, which seems to be used as a defence mechanism.

The Shikwaewik

The Shikwaewik is a kind of small shark, up to three feet in length, found in the Gulf of Mexico. It is most easily identified by its uniquely shaped tail and dorsal fins.

The Gurnwatlea

The Gurnwatlea is a kind of fish found in Oceania and Southeast Asia. When startled, it is capable of leaping out of the water in a manner most adequately described as "flopping" or "flailing." Gurnwatlea are commonly eaten in the areas to which they are local.