ISO 45001:2018 Occupational health and safety management systems 

Occupational health and safety in Nepal is a critical aspect of ensuring the well-being and protection of the country’s workforce. Nepal, with its diverse range of industries and work environments, recognizes the importance of establishing and maintaining effective occupational health and safety practices. Here are some key points to understand about occupational health and safety in Nepal:

Legal Framework: Nepal has established legal frameworks and regulations to address occupational health and safety concerns. The Labor Act, 2074 (2017) and the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation, 2075 (2018) provide the legal foundation for ensuring workplace safety. These regulations outline the responsibilities of employers, workers, and government authorities in promoting and enforcing occupational health and safety standards. 

 Occupational Hazards: Nepal’s workforce faces various occupational hazards across different sectors. Industries such as construction, manufacturing, agriculture, and mining pose risks related to falls, physical injuries, exposure to harmful substances, ergonomic issues, and more. It is crucial for organizations to identify and mitigate these hazards to protect the health and safety of their employees.

 Challenges: Nepal faces specific challenges in ensuring occupational health and safety. Limited awareness and knowledge about safety practices, inadequate resources, and infrastructural constraints pose challenges to implementing effective safety measures. Additionally, the informal sector and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) often lack the necessary resources and expertise to address occupational health and safety adequately.

 Role of Government Authorities: The Department of Labor and Occupational Safety and Health Council under the Ministry of Labor, Employment and Social Security are responsible for enforcing occupational health and safety regulations in Nepal. These authorities conduct inspections, provide guidance, and monitor compliance to ensure that workplaces adhere to safety standards

 Importance of Training and Awareness: Training and awareness programs play a crucial role in improving occupational health and safety practices in Nepal. Organizations, government agencies, and NGOs conduct training sessions, workshops, and campaigns to educate workers and employers about potential hazards, safety procedures, and preventive measures. Building awareness and knowledge empowers individuals to actively contribute to maintaining a safe working environment

Collaboration and Support: Collaboration between government authorities, industry associations, and organizations is essential for promoting occupational health and safety in Nepal. Sharing best practices, knowledge, and resources can enhance the overall safety culture in workplaces. Engaging with international organizations, such as the International Labor Organization (ILO), can also provide valuable guidance and support in improving occupational health and safety standards.

Continuous Improvement: Continuous improvement is crucial in the field of occupational health and safety. Regular evaluation of safety policies, procedures, and risk assessments helps identify areas for improvement. Encouraging feedback from employees, conducting incident investigations, and implementing corrective actions contribute to a proactive safety culture and ensure ongoing enhancement of occupational health and safety practices.

Ensuring occupational health and safety in Nepal requires a collaborative effort between government authorities, organizations, and workers. By adhering to legal regulations, raising awareness, and implementing effective safety measures, Nepal can create safer work environments and protect the well-being of its workforce. Prioritizing occupational health and safety ultimately leads to improved productivity, reduced workplace incidents, and a healthier workforce for the sustainable development of the nation.

Occupational health and safety laws in Nepal

Occupational health and safety laws in Nepal are designed to protect the well-being and safety of workers across various industries. These laws outline the rights and responsibilities of employers, employees, and government authorities in ensuring a safe working environment. Here are key points regarding occupational health and safety laws in Nepal:

Labor Act, 2074 (2017): The Labor Act, 2074, is the primary legislation governing labor issues in Nepal, including occupational health and safety. It covers both public and private sector workers and sets out the legal framework for ensuring workplace safety.

Occupational Health and Safety Regulation, 2075 (2018): The Occupational Health and Safety Regulation, 2075, is a specific set of regulations issued under the Labor Act. These regulations provide detailed guidelines and requirements for employers and employees to ensure  Occupational Health and Safety Committee occupational health and safety in the workplace.

Under the law, employers are required to establish an Occupational Health and Safety Committee in workplaces with a certain number of employees. This committee comprises representatives from management and workers and is responsible for monitoring and promoting occupational health and safety practices.

Duties and Responsibilities of Employers: Employers have several obligations under the occupational health and safety laws in Nepal, including:

Providing a safe and healthy working environment for employees.

Identifying and assessing workplace hazards and implementing measures to control and mitigate risks.

Developing and implementing occupational health and safety policies, procedures, and programs.

Providing appropriate training and information to employees regarding health and safety practices.

Establishing emergency response plans and procedures.

Maintaining records of accidents, injuries, and illnesses and reporting them to the relevant authorities.

Duties and Rights of Employees: Employees also have certain rights and responsibilities concerning occupational health and safety, including:

Complying with occupational health and safety policies and procedures.

Reporting any workplace hazards, accidents, or near misses to the employer or the Occupational Health and Safety Committee.

Participating in occupational health and safety training and programs.

Refusing work that poses an immediate and serious danger to their health and safety.

Inspections and Enforcement: Government authorities, such as the Department of Labor and Occupational Safety and Health Council, conduct regular inspections to ensure compliance with occupational health and safety laws. They have the authority to issue warnings, fines, or take legal actions against employers who violate safety regulations

Penalties and Legal Consequences: Non-compliance with occupational health and safety laws can result in penalties, fines, or legal actions against the employer. In cases of severe violations or negligence leading to serious injuries or fatalities, criminal charges may be filed.

It is crucial for employers to be aware of and adhere to the occupational health and safety laws in Nepal. By prioritizing workplace safety, organizations can protect their employees’ well-being, prevent accidents and injuries, and contribute to a productive and healthy work environment. Regular training, hazard assessments, and proactive safety measures are essential for maintaining compliance and ensuring occupational health and safety in Nepalese workplaces.

Why is ISO 45001:2018 Important?

ISO 45001:2018 is an important international standard for occupational health and safety management systems. It provides organizations with a framework to effectively manage occupational health and safety risks and promote a safe working environment. Here are key reasons why ISO 45001:2018 is important

Employee Safety and Well-being: Implementing ISO 45001 demonstrates an organization’s commitment to the safety and well-being of its employees. It helps identify and address potential hazards, reduce workplace accidents and injuries, and create a culture of safety. By prioritizing employee safety, organizations can protect their most valuable asset and enhance employee morale and satisfaction.

Legal Compliance: ISO 45001 helps organizations comply with relevant legal and regulatory requirements related to occupational health and safety. It provides a systematic approach to identify and meet legal obligations, reducing the risk of non-compliance, penalties, and legal liabilities. Compliance with ISO 45001 demonstrates a commitment to fulfilling legal requirements and ensures a safer working environment.

Improved Risk Management: ISO 45001 focuses on identifying and assessing occupational health and safety risks within an organization. By implementing effective risk management processes, organizations can proactively mitigate risks, prevent incidents, and minimize the potential for accidents, injuries, and illnesses. This systematic approach enhances overall risk management capabilities and safeguards the well-being of employees.

Enhanced Productivity and Efficiency: A safe and healthy working environment contributes to increased productivity and efficiency. By implementing ISO 45001, organizations can reduce absenteeism, improve employee engagement and motivation, and create a positive work atmosphere. Employees feel valued and supported, leading to improved performance and productivity levels.

Reputation and Stakeholder Confidence: ISO 45001 certification enhances an organization’s reputation and instills confidence among stakeholders, including employees, customers, suppliers, and investors. It demonstrates a commitment to responsible business practices, employee welfare, and sustainable operations. ISO 45001 certification can also provide a competitive advantage by differentiating the organization from its peers and attracting stakeholders who prioritize occupational health and safety.

Continuous Improvement: ISO 45001 follows the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle, promoting a culture of continuous improvement. Organizations regularly assess their occupational health and safety performance, identify areas for improvement, and take corrective actions. This iterative process helps organizations stay proactive in addressing emerging risks, enhancing safety measures, and continually improving their occupational health and safety management systems.

International Recognition: ISO 45001 is an internationally recognized standard. Achieving certification demonstrates conformity to globally accepted practices in occupational health and safety. This recognition can be beneficial for organizations operating internationally, as it facilitates compliance with local regulations and provides a consistent framework for managing health and safety across multiple locations.

ISO 45001:2018 is important for organizations as it prioritizes employee safety, ensures legal compliance, improves risk management, enhances productivity, builds reputation and stakeholder confidence, fosters continuous improvement, and provides international recognition. By implementing ISO 45001, organizations can create safer work environments, protect employees, and achieve sustainable business success.

Occupational Health and Safety specialist

An Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) specialist, also known as an OHS professional or safety specialist, is an individual with specialized knowledge and expertise in occupational health and safety practices and regulations. Their primary role is to ensure the health, safety, and well-being of employees in the workplace. Here is an overview of the responsibilities and skills of an OHS specialist:

Responsibilities of an Occupational Health and Safety Specialist:

Risk Assessment: Conducting thorough risk assessments to identify potential hazards and risks in the workplace. This includes assessing physical, chemical, biological, and ergonomic factors that may pose a threat to employee health and safety.

Compliance: Ensuring compliance with relevant occupational health and safety regulations, standards, and guidelines. This involves staying up to date with changes in legislation and ensuring that organizational policies and practices align with legal requirements.

Policy Development: Developing and implementing occupational health and safety policies, procedures, and programs within the organization. These policies aim to prevent accidents, injuries, and illnesses and promote a safe working environment.

Training and Education: Providing training and education to employees on occupational health and safety practices. This includes conducting safety inductions, organizing training sessions, and raising awareness about potential risks and preventive measures.

Incident Investigation: Investigating workplace incidents, accidents, or near misses to determine their root causes. The goal is to identify areas for improvement and develop strategies to prevent similar incidents in the future.

Emergency Preparedness: Developing emergency response plans and procedures to effectively handle emergencies such as fires, natural disasters, or chemical spills. This includes conducting drills, ensuring proper signage, and maintaining emergency equipment.

Safety Inspections and Audits: Conducting regular inspections and audits of the workplace to identify potential hazards, assess safety measures, and ensure compliance with occupational health and safety standards.

Collaboration and Communication: Collaborating with management, employees, and relevant stakeholders to promote a culture of safety. This includes communicating safety policies, addressing employee concerns, and fostering a proactive approach to occupational health and safety

What are the Key Elements of ISO 45001:2018?

The key elements of ISO 45001:2018, the international standard for Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (OHSMS), outline the requirements and components that organizations need to consider when implementing an effective occupational health and safety management system. The following are the key elements of ISO 45001:2018:

Context of the Organization: This element requires organizations to identify the internal and external factors that can impact their occupational health and safety management system. It includes understanding the organization’s context, identifying interested parties and their needs, and determining the scope of the OHSMS.

Leadership and Worker Participation: This element emphasizes the role of top management in demonstrating leadership and commitment to occupational health and safety. It requires establishing a clear occupational health and safety policy, defining roles and responsibilities, and actively involving workers in decision-making processes related to health and safety.

Planning: The planning element focuses on systematically addressing risks and opportunities related to occupational health and safety. It involves conducting a thorough assessment of hazards, assessing legal and other requirements, setting objectives, and developing action plans to achieve those objectives.

Support :The support element highlights the need for resources and support systems to effectively implement and maintain the OHSMS. It covers areas such as competence and training, communication, documentation, and the provision of necessary resources for occupational health and safety.

Operation: This element deals with the execution of the planned activities to achieve the defined occupational health and safety objectives. It includes implementing controls and processes to manage hazards, emergency preparedness and response, and ensuring effective operational controls.

Performance Evaluation: The performance evaluation element focuses on monitoring and measuring the effectiveness of the occupational health and safety management system. It requires organizations to establish performance indicators, conduct internal audits, evaluate compliance, and monitor the achievement of objectives.

Improvement: The improvement element emphasizes the need for continuous improvement in occupational health and safety performance. It involves taking corrective actions to address nonconformities, learning from incidents and accidents, implementing preventive measures, and continually enhancing the OHSMS.

Management Review: This element requires top management to periodically review the performance of the OHSMS. It involves evaluating the effectiveness of the system, considering opportunities for improvement, and making necessary adjustments to achieve the desired outcomes.

These key elements form the foundation of ISO 45001:2018 and provide a systematic framework for organizations to manage occupational health and safety risks, protect workers’ well-being, and continually improve their occupational health and safety performance. By addressing these elements, organizations can create a safer work environment, reduce accidents and injuries, and enhance overall health and safety management.

How Can Organizations Achieve Compliance with ISO 45001:2018?

Achieving compliance with ISO 45001:2018, the international standard for Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (OHSMS), involves a systematic approach to implementing and maintaining the requirements of the standard. Here are the steps organizations can take to achieve compliance with ISO 45001:2018:

Understand the Standard: Familiarize yourself with the requirements of ISO 45001:2018 by studying the standard in detail. Understand the key elements, clauses, and terminology used in the standard to gain a comprehensive understanding of its requirements.

Conduct a Gap Analysis: Perform a gap analysis to identify the existing occupational health and safety practices and systems within your organization and compare them against the requirements of ISO 45001:2018. This will help identify areas where your organization is already compliant and areas that require improvement or additional measures.

Develop an Implementation Plan: Based on the findings of the gap analysis, develop a detailed implementation plan that outlines the steps, timelines, and resources required to achieve compliance with ISO 45001:2018. Assign responsibilities and establish clear objectives for each stage of the implementation process.

Establish Leadership Commitment: Obtain commitment and support from top management to prioritize occupational health and safety within the organization. Ensure that leadership is actively involved in the implementation process, sets clear objectives, and allocates resources to support the OHSMS.

Engage Employees: Involve employees at all levels in the implementation of ISO 45001:2018. Create awareness about the importance of occupational health and safety, provide training and education on the requirements of the standard, and encourage active participation and feedback from employees.

Develop and Implement Policies and Procedures: Develop comprehensive occupational health and safety policies and procedures that align with the requirements of ISO 45001:2018. Ensure that these policies address hazards, risk assessment and management, emergency preparedness, incident reporting, and other relevant areas.

Establish Documentation and Records: Develop a robust documentation system to record and manage occupational health and safety-related information, including policies, procedures, risk assessments, training records, incident reports, and audit findings. Ensure that these documents are accessible, up to date, and easily retrievable.

Implement Controls and Processes: Implement controls and processes to manage occupational health and safety risks within the organization. This may include establishing hazard identification and risk assessment processes, implementing controls to mitigate risks, and developing procedures for incident reporting and investigation.

Conduct Internal Audits: Regularly conduct internal audits to assess the effectiveness of the implemented occupational health and safety management system. This will help identify non-conformities, areas for improvement, and ensure ongoing compliance with ISO 45001:2018.

Continual Improvement: Promote a culture of continual improvement by analyzing data, monitoring performance indicators, and implementing corrective and preventive actions. Regularly review the effectiveness of the OHSMS, learn from incidents and near misses, and make necessary adjustments to enhance occupational health and safety performance.

Seek Certification (Optional): Organizations can choose to seek certification from a recognized certification body to validate their compliance with ISO 45001:2018. The certification process involves an assessment by an external auditor who verifies that the organization’s OHSMS meets the requirements of the standard.

By following these steps, organizations can systematically implement the requirements of ISO 45001:2018 and achieve compliance with the standard. It is important to note that compliance is an ongoing process, and organizations should continually monitor, evaluate, and improve their occupational health and safety management systems to ensure the well-being of employees and compliance with the standard’s requirements.

Benefits of ISO 45001:2018

ISO 45001:2018, the international standard for Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (OHSMS), offers several benefits to organizations that implement and adhere to its requirements. Here are some key benefits of ISO 45001:2018:

Enhanced Occupational Health and Safety Performance: ISO 45001 helps organizations improve their occupational health and safety performance by providing a systematic framework for identifying, assessing, and managing risks and hazards in the workplace. It promotes a proactive approach to safety, reducing the likelihood of accidents, injuries, and work-related illnesses.

Legal and Regulatory Compliance: Implementing ISO 45001 helps organizations comply with applicable occupational health and safety laws, regulations, and standards. It ensures that the organization is aware of its legal obligations and takes necessary measures to meet those requirements, thereby reducing the risk of non-compliance and associated penalties.

Improved Employee Safety and Well-being: ISO 45001 places a strong emphasis on employee safety and well-being. By implementing effective controls and measures to mitigate risks, organizations create a safer work environment for their employees. This leads to 

Increased Employee Engagement and Participation: ISO 45001 encourages active employee involvement in the development, implementation, and improvement of the occupational health and safety management system. It promotes open communication, encourages reporting of hazards and incidents, and seeks employee feedback, thereby fostering a sense of ownership and engagement among employees.

Reduced Costs and Increased Efficiency: Effective management of occupational health and safety risks can result in cost savings for organizations. By preventing accidents and injuries, organizations can reduce costs associated with medical treatment, compensation claims, downtime, and production disruptions. Additionally, improved efficiency in processes and operations can lead to overall cost reduction.

Enhanced Reputation and Stakeholder Confidence: Achieving ISO 45001 certification demonstrates an organization’s commitment to ensuring the health and safety of its employees. It enhances the organization’s reputation as a responsible and reliable business partner. Customers, stakeholders, and the community at large gain confidence in the organization’s ability to operate in a safe and socially responsible manner.

Improved Risk Management: ISO 45001 promotes a systematic approach to identifying, assessing, and managing occupational health and safety risks. It helps organizations establish effective risk management processes, ensuring that potential hazards are identified and appropriate controls are implemented. This leads to a proactive approach to risk prevention and mitigation.

Facilitates Continuous Improvement: ISO 45001 encourages organizations to adopt a culture of continuous improvement in occupational health and safety performance. Through regular audits, evaluations, and reviews, organizations can identify areas for improvement, implement corrective actions, and enhance their safety management systems over time.

Competitive Advantage: ISO 45001 certification can provide a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Many customers, especially in industries where safety is a critical concern, prefer to work with certified organizations. ISO 45001 certification can open doors to new business opportunities and enable organizations to differentiate themselves from competitors.

 ISO 45001:2018, organizations can reap these benefits and create a safer, healthier work environment for their employees while meeting legal obligations, improving operational efficiency, and enhancing their reputation in the marketplace.

key performance indicators for occupational health and safety

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are used to measure the performance and effectiveness of occupational health and safety (OHS) programs within organizations. These indicators help monitor progress, identify areas for improvement, and ensure that health and safety objectives are being achieved. While the specific KPIs may vary depending on the organization and industry, here are some commonly used KPIs for occupational health and safety:

Lost Time Injury Frequency Rate (LTIFR): LTIFR measures the number of lost time injuries (injuries that result in a person being unable to work for a certain period) per million hours worked. It provides an indication of the overall safety performance and the rate of injuries resulting in lost work time.

Total Recordable Injury Frequency Rate (TRIFR): TRIFR measures the number of total recordable injuries (including lost time injuries, medical treatment injuries, and restricted work injuries) per million hours worked. It provides a broader view of the overall injury rate within the organization.

Severity Rate: Severity rate measures the severity of injuries and illnesses by calculating the number of lost workdays per 200,000 hours worked. It focuses on the impact and duration of injuries and illnesses on the affected workers.

Near Miss Reporting Rate: Near miss reporting rate measures the number of reported near misses (incidents that could have resulted in injury or illness but did not) per period. It reflects the organization’s proactive approach to identifying and addressing potential hazards before they cause harm.

Compliance Rate: Compliance rate measures the percentage of compliance with occupational health and safety policies, procedures, and regulatory requirements. It reflects the organization’s adherence to established safety protocols and practices.

Safety Training Completion Rate: Safety training completion rate measures the percentage of employees who have completed the required occupational health and safety training. It indicates the level of employee engagement and commitment to safety education and awareness.

Hazard Identification and Resolution Rate: This KPI measures the rate at which hazards are identified, reported, and resolved within the organization. It reflects the effectiveness of hazard identification systems and the organization’s responsiveness in addressing identified risks.

Safety Culture Index: The safety culture index measures the perceptions and attitudes of employees toward occupational health and safety within the organization. It is usually assessed through surveys or questionnaires and provides insight into the overall safety culture and employee engagement in safety practices.

Emergency Response Time: Emergency response time measures the time taken to respond to emergencies or incidents within the workplace. It reflects the organization’s preparedness and efficiency in addressing emergency situations.

Safety Audit Findings Closure Rate: This KPI measures the rate at which safety audit findings and recommendations are closed or resolved. It indicates the organization’s commitment to addressing identified gaps and implementing corrective actions.

It’s important to note that organizations should select KPIs that align with their specific goals, objectives, and industry requirements. These indicators should be regularly monitored, analyzed, and used to drive continuous improvement in occupational health and safety performance.

What does ISO 45001:2018 replace?

ISO 45001:2018 replaces the previous international standard for occupational health and safety management, OHSAS 18001:2007. OHSAS 18001 (Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series) was a widely recognized standard developed by a consortium of leading certification bodies and national standards organizations.

ISO 45001:2018 was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and is designed to provide a more comprehensive and globally applicable framework for managing occupational health and safety. It aligns with other ISO management system standards, such as ISO 9001 (Quality Management) and ISO 14001 (Environmental Management), making it easier for organizations to integrate their management systems.

The transition from OHSAS 18001 to ISO 45001 brings several improvements and benefits, including:

Alignment with HLS Structure: ISO 45001 follows the High-Level Structure (HLS) framework, which is common to all new ISO management system standards. This allows for easier integration with other management systems and facilitates a consistent approach across different disciplines.

Enhanced Risk-Based Approach: ISO 45001 places a greater emphasis on a risk-based approach to occupational health and safety management. It requires organizations to identify and assess risks, determine appropriate controls, and monitor their effectiveness to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses, and incidents.

Leadership Engagement: ISO 45001 emphasizes the role of leadership in driving occupational health and safety performance. It requires top management to demonstrate leadership commitment, establish policies, and allocate resources to support the effective implementation of the management system.

Worker Involvement: ISO 45001 promotes worker participation and consultation in the development, implementation, and improvement of the management system. It recognizes the valuable insights and contributions of workers in identifying hazards, assessing risks, and implementing control measures.

Context of the Organization: ISO 45001 requires organizations to consider the internal and external factors that may impact their occupational health and safety performance. This includes understanding the needs and expectations of interested parties, complying with legal requirements, and addressing relevant social, economic, and environmental conditions.

Continuous Improvement: ISO 45001 emphasizes the importance of continual improvement in occupational health and safety performance. It requires organizations to establish processes for monitoring, measuring, and evaluating their performance, and taking actions to address nonconformities and improve effectiveness.

Documentation Requirements: ISO 45001 introduces streamlined documentation requirements, focusing on the necessary information to support the effective operation of the management system. This reduces unnecessary paperwork and allows organizations to focus on key processes and outcomes.

By replacing OHSAS 18001 with ISO 45001, organizations can benefit from a more robust and internationally recognized standard that provides a systematic and proactive approach to managing occupational health and safety. The transition allows organizations to align their management systems with current best practices and demonstrate their commitment to the well-being of their workers.

Auditors view on ISO 45001:2018

 Here are some key aspects that auditors may consider:

Comprehensive and Risk-Based Approach: Auditors generally appreciate the risk-based approach of ISO 45001:2018, as it emphasizes proactive identification and management of occupational health and safety risks. They look for evidence that organizations have conducted thorough hazard identification and risk assessment processes, implemented appropriate control measures, and regularly reviewed their effectiveness.

Leadership and Management Commitment: Auditors focus on assessing the commitment of top management to occupational health and safety. They evaluate whether leaders have established a clear policy, allocated resources, and demonstrated active involvement in promoting a positive safety culture. Auditors expect to see evidence of leadership engagement and communication throughout the organization.

Worker Involvement and Participation: Auditors recognize the importance of worker involvement and participation in achieving effective health and safety management. They assess whether organizations have mechanisms in place to engage workers in hazard identification, risk assessment, incident reporting, and decision-making processes. Auditors look for evidence of effective communication channels and documented worker participation procedures.

Compliance with Legal and Regulatory Requirements: Auditors verify that organizations have a systematic process for identifying and complying with relevant occupational health and safety legal requirements. They assess whether organizations maintain an up-to-date register of applicable laws and regulations, monitor changes, and take necessary actions to ensure compliance.

Performance Monitoring and Measurement: Auditors examine how organizations monitor and measure their occupational health and safety performance. They review key performance indicators, incident reporting mechanisms, and data analysis processes to assess the effectiveness of performance monitoring. Auditors also look for evidence of regular management review meetings and actions taken to address performance gaps.

Documentation and Records: Auditors assess the adequacy and effectiveness of the documented information and records related to the occupational health and safety management system. They review policies, procedures, risk assessments, training records, incident reports, and other relevant documentation to ensure compliance with ISO 45001 requirements.

Continuous Improvement: Auditors focus on the organization’s commitment to continual improvement in occupational health and safety. They look for evidence of corrective and preventive actions taken to address nonconformities, incidents, and identified improvement opportunities. Auditors also assess the effectiveness of the organization’s processes for management review and performance evaluation.