#ionic liquid

The market size of ionic liquids is estimated to grow from USD 25.6 Million in 2016 to USD 39.6 Million by 2021, at a CAGR of 9.2% during the forecast period.

Browse 32 market data Tables and 37 Figures spread through 97 Pages and in-depth TOC on "Ionic Liquids Market by Application (Solvents & Catalysts, Process & Operating Fluids, Plastics, Batteries & Electrochemistry, Bio-Refineries) and by Region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of World) - Global Forecast to 2021" The unique properties of ionic liquids along with development and commercialization of newer applications play a significant role in driving the market.

The regulations for minimizing VOC content in the environment and the ability of ionic liquids to act both as a solvent and a catalyst are expected to propel the market for ionic liquids in the solvents & catalysts application. The potential increase in use of these liquids in bio-refineries along with initiatives taken by governments of various countries worldwide to decrease dependence on crude oil and increase the use of biofuels as alternatives will drive the market at a high growth rate in this application.

Application of ionic liquids in offshore wind turbines helps in improving the operation of windmills, which in turn decreases the downtime of turbines that is one of the major issues in this industry. The use of ionic liquids in wind turbines is a major step toward efficient generation of wind energy. This will increase the application of ionic liquids in process & operating fluids application.

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Solvents & catalysts: The largest application segment of ionic liquids Ionic liquids are fused salts that remain in liquid state under 100ºC. These liquids are one of the potential replacements of industrial solvents because of their ability to dissolve various chemicals and low volatility, as they have low vapor pressures. Solvents & catalysts is one of the major applications of ionic liquids.

Ionic liquids are a mere combination of a cation and an anion. These specialty liquids have the potential to be used as a solvent and catalyst in bio-refineries and as an electrolyte in electrochemistry & batteries as well as bio-refineries. Majority of the chemical reactions are carried out in the presence of solvents. Solvents are used on a wide scale, but are difficult to store because of their volatility. They also have VOCs that are harmful to the environment and can cause health hazards. As the governments worldwide are restricting the emission of VOCs, ionic liquids can be a potential replacement for solvents, which will drive the ionic liquids market.

BASF SE (Germany), Evonik Industries AG (Germany), Merck KGaA (Germany), Ionic Liquids Technologies (IoLiTec) GmbH (Germany), The Chemours Company (U.S.), Proionic (Austria), Solvionic SA (France), CoorsTek Specialty Chemicals (U.S.), Jinkai Chemical Co., Ltd. (China), Reinste Nanoventure (India), Tatva Chintan Pharma Chem Pvt. Ltd. (India), and Strem Chemicals Inc. (U.S.) are the key manufacturers and suppliers of ionic liquids.

JUNIPER PUBLISHERS- ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE

Abstract

Ionic liquid has been used as a novel dispersant for fillers in polymer matrix. Enhanced interfacial interaction between reinforcing material and polymer matrix leads to smart materials. Use of ionic liquid as a modifier is environmentally friendly method to fabricate nanocomposites potential applications.

Keywords:  Ionic liquid; Polymer matrix; Interfacial interaction; Potential applications

Abbrevations: RTILs: Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids; MWCNT: Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube; GO: Graphene Oxide; BNNS: Boron Nitride Nanosheets; BIIR: Bromo butyl Rubber; ILs: Ionic Liquids; GO-ILs: Modified Graphene Oxide; MEMS/NEMS: Micro/Nanoelectromechanical Systems; ZIL: Zwitterionic Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid

    Ionic liquid as a Functional Dispersant for Nanomaterials in Polymer matrix

Potential applications as well as strength and durability of polymers can be enriched by the reinforcement using various nanosized fillers. However wide spread application of nanomaterials as reinforcing agents has limited due to their processing difficulty and the tendency to form agglomerates. Incorporation of active groups on fillers by emerging chemistry is a good method to overcome the problems associated with filler dispersion. At present, many advanced strategies have been developed to improve the dispersibility and stability of nanofillers in solvents and matrices which include (a) the covalent attachment of functional groups through chemical reactions (b) the non-covalent adsorption or wrapping of various functional molecules. Due to some structural alteration and the need of additional solvent during covalent fictionalisation, non-covalent functionalization is preferred.

Non-covalent functionalization of fillers by Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids (RTILs) has got considerable attention in these days. RTILs, usually liquid at or near room temperature are non-volatile, non-flammable and thermally stable. They provide an environmentally benign “green” alternative to organic solvents for chemical synthesis, extractions and bio catalysis [1].

Use of ionic liquid as novel dispersant for fillers has been developed as an environment friendly technology to functionalize them. Commonly reported dispersants are solid in state which needs additional solvent to disperse nanomaterial. In contrast ionic liquids are fluid at room temperature and are made entirely of ions (asymmetric cation and a symmetric anion) [2].

Das et al. first reported the use of ionic liquid as a dispersing agent for Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) [3]. Cation-π interaction between cationic part of ionic liquid and π conjugated MWCNT surface is the reason behind the dispersion of MWCNT. Since ionic liquid can act a dispersant, it will improve overall performance of the nanocomposites. Researches from the same group had tried different ionic liquids to functionalize MWCNT and studied its effect on various properties of fabricated nanocomposites. These studies showed a clear evidence for the enhanced dispersion of MWCNT in presence of ionic liquid, improved cure characteristics, mechanical performance, dielectric characteristics, electrical conductivity, ionic conductivity, thermal stability, thermal conductivity oxidation resistance, thermo mechanical properties and processability. Flexible and stable electromagnetic shielding materials can be fabricated with the aid of ionic liquid modified MWCNT [4,5].

Studies also reported in the area of dispersing other fillers like graphene, graphite oxide, graphene oxide, clay, layered double hydroxides, silica, carbon black etc. with the aid of ionic liquid. On mixing Graphene Oxide (GO) and ionic liquid, ILs had been effectively intercalated into the interlayer of GO, which was found to be able to raise the exfoliation degree of GO. It is found that both thermal stability and the thermal conductivity of Bromobutyl Rubber (BIIR) nanocomposites could be improved by incorporating the Ionic Liquids (ILs) modified graphene oxide (GO-ILs) [6]. Tribological study of functionalized graphene-IL nanocomposite ultrathin lubrication films on Si substrates the promising applications in the lubrication of micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) [7]. It is possible to control the pore size, electrical conductivity and mechanical robustness of the polyurethane nanocomposite foam by incorporating it with modified the graphene oxide using 1-methyl imidazole chloride ionic liquid [8]. Boron Nitride Nanosheets (BNNS) are exfoliated with the help of ionic liquid by physical adsorption on IL on BNNS surfaces. Highly thermally conductive and electrically insulating polymer nanocomposites can be prepares using this material [9].  

 Ionic liquid can be used as interfacial agent or surfactant or organic modifier for layered double hydroxide in polymer nanocomposites [10]. Ionic liquids were used as an environmentally friendly material to improve the processability of layered silicates containing polymer nanocomposites [11]. Zwitterionic Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid (ZIL) was used to modify both cationic and anionic clay minerals. The ZIL was able to penetrate into the interlayer space of clay and modified the interfacial properties [12]. Studies have been reported on the role of ionic liquid as an interfacial modifier for silica and as a cure accelerator in polymer nanocomposites [13].

In conclusion the use of ILs afforded not only high-yield, mild, facile exfoliation of various fillers but also non-covalent functionalization of fillers for multifunctional applications. Merging processing techniques of nanocomposites with ionic liquid for efficient dispersion of nanomaterials facilitates the development of new, high performance materials.

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Authored by Ahmad AdlieShamsuri  

Opinion

The development of the polymer composites industry has been very encouraging in the past years. The polymer blends have also been received considerable attention, this is due to the blends are easy to prepare, their production cost is low, and so on. At the present time, bioplastics such as polylactic acid, polyhydroxybutyrate and polybutylene succinate are gaining consideration due to their excellent biodegradability, biocompatibility and non-toxicity. Blend between bioplastics and biopolymers (for example; cellulose, zein and starch) to produce bioplastic/biopolymer blends have attracted the researchers’ interest. Besides, the produced bioplastic/biopolymer blends may also be able to be used in fabrication of biocompatible and biodegradable products. Moreover, the utilization of expensive synthetic bioplastics can be reduced through consumption of biopolymers this can further lower the cost of products [1,2].

Nevertheless, the blend approach suffers from low physicochemical properties due to incompatibility in the blends system. The compatibility between the bioplastic and biopolymer is very low, thus results in reductions of their performance, particularly in the mechanical, thermal and rheological properties. The incompatibility is due to the bioplastic which wholly non-polar (hydrophobic) [3], while the biopolymer is naturally polar (hydrophilic) [4], and therefore the importance of compatibilization on the blends could not be ignored.

In response to this, the compatibilization methods by using compatibilizers were frequently carried out to compatibilize between two different polymers particularly for a better adhesion at their interface [5]. Previous reports have indicated that the organic salts such as surface-active agents (surfactants) could also be used as compatibilizers in polymeric blend and composite systems specifically for non-polar and polar polymers [6-8]. This is due to the fact that the surfactants have amphiphilic character which contained of non-polar and polar parts (hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups) [9,10] that capable to compatibilize between non-polar and polar polymers [11]. Thus, they could provide compatibility between the component phases of bioplastic and biopolymer in the blends system.

On the other hand, ionic liquids (ILs) are known as organic salts that have low melting temperature (<100°C). ILs are non-volatile, highly polar and stable, miscible and soluble with many organic and/or inorganic compounds, chemically inert as well. ILs are also non-toxic, recyclable, non-flammable and eco-friendly [12]. The use of ionic liquid-based surfactants (ILBS) for compatibilization seems to be remarkable because they have fascinating feature i.e. low melting temperature compared to ordinary surfactants, this could increase the compatibilization efficiency.

Additionally, among several types of ILBS, 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ILs can be employed for experimentation since they have some valuable characters for instance; consisted of single long alkyl chain (effective for the hydrophobic-hydrophobic interaction), environmentally friendly, low melting temperature, low toxicity and most importantly they are also thermally stable.

It is expected that the ILBS will improve the physicochemical properties (mechanical, thermal, rheological, etc.) of the polymer blends since they have amphiphilic character which can act as interaction link between non-polar (hydrophobic) and polar (hydrophilic) polymers, and they can assist them to interact with each other as well. It is also anticipated to benefit the industries that are interested to utilize both bioplastics and biopolymers in their products because this approach does not require any modifications of the polymers.

For more Open Access Journals in Juniper Publishers please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com

For more details Academic Journal of Polymer Science please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/ajop/index.php

Wouldn’t it be nice to use solar- or wind-generated electricity to turn excess carbon dioxide into fuels and other useful chemicals? The process would store up the intermittent solar or wind energy in a form that could be used when and where it was needed, including in transportation applications, all while getting rid of some greenhouse gas.