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For couples planning to marry in Thailand—whether Thai nationals or foreign spouses—a prenuptial agreement (often called a "prenup") offers a powerful tool to define financial rights and obligations before entering into marriage. Thailand's legal framework for prenuptial agreements is unique in its formal requirements and binding nature, differing significantly from common law jurisdictions. Understanding these requirements is essential for protecting significant pre-marital assets, family businesses, and international property holdings.

The Legal Foundation: Section 1466 of the Civil and Commercial Code

Prenuptial agreements in Thailand are governed by the Civil and Commercial Code (CCC), specifically Section 1466 and related provisions in Book V on Family Law. Unlike many Western jurisdictions where postnuptial agreements are recognized or where informal agreements may have some effect, Thailand imposes exceptionally strict formal requirements. An agreement that fails to meet these requirements is completely void—not merely voidable or subject to judicial adjustment.

Under Section 1466 of the CCC, a prenuptial agreement is void unless it meets one of two alternative formal requirements:

The agreement is registered in the Marriage Register at the time of marriage registration; or

The agreement is made in writing, signed by both spouses and at least two witnesses, attached to the Marriage Register, and recorded in the Marriage Register at the time of marriage registration stating that such agreement has been attached.

In practical terms, this means the prenuptial agreement must be presented to and registered with the district office (Amphur) simultaneously with the marriage registration. Private agreements signed only before lawyers—even if notarized abroad—are completely void under Thai law; they do not exist in the eyes of the court.

Mandatory Timing: Before Marriage, Not After

A critical feature of Thailand's prenuptial framework is that the agreement must be made before marriage registration. Thai law does not recognize postnuptial agreements entered into after marriage. Any attempt to create or modify a property agreement after the wedding ceremony will be classified as a spousal property agreement under Section 1469, which either spouse may revoke during marriage or within one year after the marriage ends.

Supreme Court Decision No. 2497/2552 (2009) addressed this timing requirement directly. The Court held that a property agreement recorded after marriage registration is not a prenuptial agreement under Section 1466. Instead, it falls under Section 1469, meaning either spouse may unilaterally revoke it. This distinction has profound implications: a postnuptial agreement offers no lasting protection and can be cancelled at any time by either spouse.

Furthermore, after marriage registration, an existing prenuptial agreement cannot be altered except by court authorization under Section 1467. This restriction underscores the importance of careful drafting before the wedding.

Content Limitations: What Cannot Be Included

Even properly registered prenuptial agreements face substantive limitations under Thai law. Section 1465 of the CCC provides that any clause in a prenuptial agreement is void if it:

Is contrary to public order or good morals

Attempts to stipulate that foreign law shall govern matrimonial property matters

The second prohibition is particularly significant for international couples. Parties cannot contractually exclude Thai law from governing their marital property relationships. Any provision attempting to apply foreign law to matrimonial property will be struck down by Thai courts. However, under Section 1465, only the offending clauses are void—not necessarily the entire agreement, provided the remaining provisions can stand independently.

Permissible Content: Fidelity Clauses

While foreign law clauses are prohibited, prenuptial agreements may include behavioral or fidelity clauses. In Supreme Court Decision No. 2553/2526 (1983), the Court upheld a fidelity clause in a prenuptial agreement. The clause required the husband to pay a specific sum if he took a mistress or legalized an already-existing relationship with another woman.

The Supreme Court ruled that such clauses are not contrary to public order or good morals and are therefore enforceable as grounds for divorce under Section 1516(8). This precedent demonstrates that prenuptial agreements can address not only property matters but also behavioral expectations during marriage.

Registration Requirements: Step-by-Step

To create a valid and enforceable prenuptial agreement in Thailand, couples must follow a precise process:

Step 1: Draft the Agreement. The agreement must be in writing and should be drafted in both English and Thai to ensure clarity for all parties. It should clearly list all assets classified as personal property (Sin Suan Tua) and specify how marital property (Sin Somros) will be treated. The scope of authority granted to each spouse over property should be explicitly defined.

Step 2: Secure Witnesses. The agreement must be signed by both spouses and at least two witnesses. The witnesses should be adults of sound mind who are not parties to the agreement. Their signatures confirm that the agreement was executed voluntarily and that they observed the signing.

Step 3: Present at the Amphur. On the day of marriage registration, the couple must present the signed prenuptial agreement to the district officer at the Amphur. The agreement must be submitted simultaneously with the marriage registration—not before, not after.

Step 4: Register and Attach. The district officer will record the existence of the prenuptial agreement in the Marriage Register. Depending on the preferred method, either the terms are recorded directly in the Register (Method 1) or the written agreement is attached to the Register (Method 2). Either method satisfies Section 1466 when properly executed.

Supreme Court Guidance on Formalities

Thai courts have consistently enforced strict compliance with formal requirements. In Supreme Court Decision No. 3346/2532 (1989), the Court declared a prenuptial agreement void because the couple failed to record it in the Marriage Register or annex it with proper signatures. The Court stated clearly: "The prenuptial agreement was neither recorded in the Marriage Register at the time of marriage registration, nor was it made in writing with signatures of both spouses and at least two witnesses annexed to the Register. Therefore, it is void under Section 1466."

Conversely, in Supreme Court Decision No. 6711/2537 (1994), the Court upheld an agreement recorded directly in the Marriage Register at the time of registration, confirming that a prenuptial agreement does not need to be a separate written document—it can be validly made by recording the terms directly in the Marriage Register.

Interaction with Thailand's Marital Property Regime

To understand prenuptial agreements, one must understand Thailand's default marital property system, which the prenup modifies. Under the CCC, Thailand employs a "regime of the community of accrued gains." Property is divided into two categories:

Sin Suan Tua (Personal Property) includes:

Property owned before marriage

Personal effects for daily use

Property acquired by inheritance or gift during marriage (unless specified otherwise)

Engagement gifts

Sin Somros (Marital Property) includes:

Property acquired during marriage

Fruits or income derived from personal property (rent, dividends, interest)

Property acquired through a will or gift if expressly indicated as marital property

A valid prenuptial agreement can modify how these categories apply to specific assets, designate additional assets as personal property, or establish different management rules for marital assets.

Special Considerations for Foreign Spouses

Foreign nationals marrying Thai citizens face unique considerations when drafting prenuptial agreements.

Land Ownership Restrictions: Foreigners are generally prohibited from owning land in Thailand. A prenuptial agreement cannot override this statutory prohibition. However, a prenup can clarify that land purchased with foreign spouse funds is classified as personal property of the Thai spouse, preventing confusion upon divorce.

Cross-Border Asset Protection: For couples with assets in multiple countries, a prenuptial agreement can clarify which assets are subject to Thai law and which are subject to foreign law. However, as noted above, any clause attempting to exclude Thai law from governing marital property matters is void. The practical approach is to specify how Thai law applies to Thai assets while acknowledging that foreign law may govern foreign assets.

Usufructs as Alternatives: For foreign spouses concerned about property rights, a registered usufruct can provide an alternative means of securing property interests. A usufruct grants the foreign spouse the right to possess, use, and benefit from the property without holding legal title. The strongest protection is to register the usufruct before marriage, as Section 1469 (which allows spouses to void contracts made during marriage) applies only to agreements made "during marriage."

Practical Benefits of Prenuptial Agreements

Despite the stringent formal requirements, prenuptial agreements serve valuable purposes in appropriate circumstances:

Protecting significant pre-marital assets: Family businesses, real estate portfolios, or inherited wealth can be designated as personal property, remaining with the original owner upon divorce

Clarifying ownership of assets acquired before marriage: Especially important in second marriages or blended families

Defining how debts will be managed: Protecting one spouse from the other's pre-marital obligations

Establishing transparency regarding financial matters: Reducing the potential for disputes during marriage

Reducing fear of protracted litigation: Providing certainty and predictability in the event of divorce

Addressing international complexities: Clarifying how assets in multiple countries will be treated

Common Scenarios Where a Prenup Is Advisable

One partner is substantially wealthier than the other

Spouses have children from previous marriages requiring inheritance protection

A spouse owns a business that should remain separate

One spouse carries significant pre-marital debt

The couple has assets in multiple countries

There is a significant age disparity between spouses

Either spouse has been previously divorced

Conclusion

Thailand's prenuptial agreement framework provides clarity and predictability for couples who properly execute agreements before marriage. The key requirements are strict: the agreement must be in writing, signed by both spouses and two witnesses, and registered with the Marriage Register at the time of marriage registration. Postnuptial agreements are not recognized as binding under Section 1466 and can be revoked unilaterally.

For couples with significant assets, international ties, or specific intentions regarding property, prenuptial agreements offer a mechanism to modify the default statutory regime—but only if they strictly comply with formal requirements. Professional legal advice is essential for drafting and registering a valid prenuptial agreement in Thailand, as procedural missteps can render the entire agreement void.

Whether protecting family wealth, clarifying financial expectations, or planning for international asset distribution, a properly executed Thai prenuptial agreement provides the legal certainty that both spouses deserve as they begin their married life together.