Repeated COVID-19 mRNA vaccinations increase SARS-CoV-2 IgG4 antibodies, indicating extensive IgG class switching following the first booste
Highlights
β’ IgG4 and IgG2 levels increase markedly after the third mRNA dose against SARS-CoV-2.
β’ Elevated IgG4 levels after booster vaccination associate with an increased risk of infections.
β’ Increased non-cytophilic to cytophilic antibody ratio correlates with reduced functionality.
Abstract
Objectives
Repeated COVID-19 mRNA vaccinations increase SARS-CoV-2 IgG4 antibodies, indicating extensive IgG class switching following the first booster dose. This shift in IgG subclasses raises concerns due to the limited ability of IgG4 to mediate Fc-dependent effector functions.
Methods
To assess the impact of IgG4 induction on protective immunity, we analyzed longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 IgG subclasses, C1q and FcΞ³R responses, and neutralizing activity in a well-characterized cohort of healthcare workers in Spain.
Results
Elevated IgG4 levels and higher ratios of non-cytophilic to cytophilic antibodies after booster vaccination were significantly associated with an increased risk of breakthrough infections (IgG4 HR[10-fold increase]=1.8, 95% CI=1.2β2.7; non-cytophilic to cytophilic ratio HR[10-fold increase]=1.5, 95% CI=1.1β1.9). Moreover, an increased non-cytophilic to cytophilic antibody ratio correlated with reduced functionality, including neutralization.
Conclusions
These findings suggest a potential association between IgG4 induction by mRNA vaccination and a higher risk of breakthrough infection, warranting further investigation into vaccination strategies to ensure sustained protection.
