Erin Brockovich was born in 1960.
She married young, divorced twice before she turned 30, and was raising three children on her own. She didn’t have a college degree, and she wasn’t building a career in any traditional sense. She was simply trying to survive, taking whatever work she could find—retail jobs, waitress shifts, anything that kept food on the table and the lights on.
In 1991, she needed a job badly and was hired as a file clerk at a small California law firm, Masry & Vititoe.
Her work was ordinary. She answered phones, filed documents, made copies, and kept things organized. It wasn’t glamorous, and it wasn’t meant to be.
Then, in 1993, she came across a case file that didn’t look ordinary at all.
It involved a real estate dispute in a small desert town called Hinkley. Inside the file were medical records. That immediately raised a question in her mind.
Why would a property case include medical information?
She started reading more carefully.
Then she noticed something else. There wasn’t just one case. There were many. All tied to the same town. And all pointing to the same disturbing pattern.
Cancer. Tumors. Serious illnesses. Miscarriages. Too many to ignore in such a small community.
Erin began making phone calls to residents in Hinkley. Their stories lined up. Families were dealing with cancer at unusually high rates. Children were getting sick. People were experiencing unexplained health problems that seemed to affect entire households.
Something was clearly wrong.
Then she came across letters from Pacific Gas and Electric, known as PG&E. The company had been communicating with residents, claiming the water was safe and even offering to test private wells.
On the surface, everything looked reassuring.
But one detail stood out.
The letters referred to chromium in the water and described it as chromium-3, a form considered harmless and even naturally occurring.
Erin didn’t have a scientific background, but she decided to dig deeper. She went to the library and started researching.
That’s when she learned something critical.
There are two forms of chromium. Chromium-3 is relatively safe. Chromium-6, however, is highly toxic and has been linked to cancer and severe health problems.
That discovery changed everything.
She continued digging and eventually found internal PG&E documents. Among them were engineering memos that told a very different story from what residents had been told.
The company wasn’t guessing. It wasn’t uncertain.
They knew.
From 1952 to 1966, PG&E had used chromium-6 in cooling towers to prevent corrosion. The wastewater from this process was dumped into unlined ponds, allowing it to seep directly into the ground and contaminate the groundwater.
Roughly 370 million gallons of contaminated water entered the Hinkley water system over time.
And people had been drinking it for decades.
Internal records showed that company engineers were aware of the risks as early as 1965. The warnings existed. The evidence was there. But nothing was done to stop it or inform the public.
Erin decided to go to Hinkley herself.
She knocked on doors, sat with families, and listened to their experiences. The stories were heartbreaking but consistent. Cancer diagnoses at young ages. Brain tumors. Repeated miscarriages. Nosebleeds. Illness after illness, all pointing in the same direction.
She began asking a simple question.
Do you want to take action?
More than 600 residents said yes.
PG&E responded with powerful legal teams and a strong defense. They argued that the illnesses were caused by other factors such as lifestyle, diet, or coincidence, anything except contaminated water.
But as the cases progressed, the pressure on the company grew.
Eventually, arbitration rulings led to major payouts in early cases, and PG&E began to understand the scale of what they were facing. The potential liability exceeded a billion dollars.
On July 2, 1996, the company agreed to settle.
The amount was 333 million dollars, at the time one of the largest direct-action settlements in U.S. history.
Roughly 650 people shared the settlement, depending on their medical conditions and level of exposure. Erin received a bonus of 2.5 million dollars from the law firm.
Years later, her story reached Hollywood. The film Erin Brockovich brought her work to a global audience, with Julia Roberts portraying her and winning an Academy Award for the role.
The case also had a wider impact. It led to increased testing of water systems across the United States, revealing chromium-6 contamination in multiple states and raising concerns about millions of potential exposures.
In Hinkley, the consequences were lasting. PG&E purchased properties, relocated residents, and the town slowly emptied over time. By 2016, it had become nearly a ghost town.
Cleanup efforts are still ongoing. Some areas still rely on bottled water. The environmental damage did not disappear with the settlement.
But it all began with a file clerk who noticed something unusual in a stack of papers.
No law degree. No authority. Just curiosity, persistence, and the refusal to ignore what didn’t add up.
