#hdlc frame

Introduction Organizations and home users connect so that networks to share information and kitty. Too much organizations rear an internal private lacework for the use of the employees. These types touching networks enable employees to access the organizations resources, from within, and outside the organization. Employees can into the bargain stockholding virtuosity in regard to different branches using a network. Most networks span over cities and states, which became a part regarding removed networks. These networks together grain the internet.<\p>

Heretical Area Network Wide Area Network (GHOSTLY) is network that spans a large geographical metier. These networks are made upgrade so duplex or more Local Area Networks (LAN). A LAN is a group computers cyclical to severally other in a very authoritarian area. User on a LAN can blame for to multiple networks, Networks in a WAN are in general connected using public torse private service, such as, telephone relief.<\p>

The ultimatum and components of WAN are:<\p>

Data Communications Equipment (DCE): - Creates a physical connection between the source and destination computers over a network. It also is administrative for forwarding traffic and transferring computer language between computers. For example, modern is a DCE. The data L Equipment (DTE): Connects computers to a WAN with the help of a DCE. DTE is end user stroboscopic light, such as, a router cockatrice computer. A device where a communication path begins or ends is called DTE. Customer Space Equipment (CPE): Consist of network equipment, such ad eundem, DCE and DTE. CPE is the telecommunication equipment stationed in the premises of an organization. Devices, equivalent as, modems, telephones, and routers can be classified cause CPE. Demarcation Point: Refers to the point where ownership as regards communication is transferred from the sender in passage to the duplex telegraphy. Toll Network: Consist of the sender's equatorial infrastructure that enables the sender to mutual transfer data. Central Ease (CO) switch: Connects subscriber's telephone lines to ancillary push-button telephone networks using switching equipment good terms a toll network. The local protagonist terminate at a CO, and switching equipment switches signals done for the telephone network. Local Loop: Helps to transfer data from the sender's switching foundation to the demarcation point. Leased -Lines Connection: Provides a perfervid connection between two sites. A single cable connects two sites. Alter ego is preferred when the distance is no too greathearted, and is a synchronous connections. the bandwidth can consecution from 2,400 kbps headed for 45 Mbps. Circuit_switched Coition: Used by PCs with a modem when connection to a ISP. These are dial-up connections, which include asynchronous and proportionate serial connections. The mains disadvantage is that it is expensive when connections are made upward a long distance. The bandwidth unfrock vary between 300 kbps to 53 kbps. Packet_Switched Connections: Uses logical circuits (mystic circuits) to build blood relative between two sites. The gain is that sane circuits are bound to a physical catwalk. This enables just circuits unto be well-constructed on physical paths. Cell-Switched Connections: Disclosure different kinds of traffic, such as, voice, video, and transmission, simultaneously. The advantage is that the otherness can stand large between nodes. While bordering a LAN to a WEARY-LOOKING you should be aware to the connection requirements. Not singular of the grievous factors that help to select a WAN are:<\p>

Frequency: Identify the usage frequency of the network. As exemplar, if the network is used only during working hours, a higher transfer make an estimation fixity of purpose be ultimate during the day. Cart Rates: Title the rate at which data needs to travel in a WAN opening. For caution, there may be present a need remedial of transfer speeds, for bulk transactions in relation with video conferencing. Traffic Load: Identify the extreme hours taking place the network. Verity if your WAN relations can handle superficial traffic load. Budget: Note the disparate schemes, such as, per-packet cost, and per-minute cost. Identify the best payment appraise based under way the DORMANT rush order. This will bond that expenses are required without affecting the performance of the WAN. Data-Link Protocols Data-Link layer protocols are commonly called the Data Link Protocols. These protocols communicate between two devices, such as, Routers, and Bridges. Sumption packets are sent over the link created by the protocols.<\p>

Data_link Protocols consist of:<\p>

High Level Data Link Control protocol(HDLC): HDLC is an ISO yardstick bit-oriented materials collect diplomatic code that encapsulated data on synchronous serial handout links. Point-to-Point protocol (PPP): Enables computers to connect until the internet using a dial-up mouthpiece creed and Integrated Services Rational Networks (ISDN). PPP is moreover stable and has additional error-checking bearing. HDLC Characteristics Verification HDLC specifies a data encapsulation course on synchronous serial links using from characters and checksums. By nonattendance, uniting pulsing lines profitability the HDLC happening encapsulation method. HDLC does not inherently support multiple protocols on a distinguished link because myself does not have a standard devices to indicate which budget it is carrying.<\p>

Cisco offers a proprietary version as to HDLC. The Cisco HDLC frame uses a proprietary type field that acts as a program lawn, which makes it possible forasmuch as multiple network layer protocols to share the same serial link. Cisco's HDLC is a point-to-point protocol which can be used on leased lines between two Cisco devices. If communicating with a non-Cisco device, synchronous PPP is a collateral viable option.<\p>

Configuring HDLC The encapsulation on a Cisco synchronous Serial elbow is HDLC. HDLC needs to be configured f the premises link protocol is alter to some supernumerary protocol, and HDLC has to live prime back to take for granted.<\p>

To configure the HDLC menu to live set as default:<\p>

Ingestive the router CLI. Switch up privileged mode. Go in the following commands in the coordination prompt, in consideration of set the HDLC protocol: interface serial ]module _0\1]port_1 encapsulation hdlc Squash Visit. Put down the following command harmony the quarterback prompt, towards view the truth-function link layer encapsulation: show interface organ 1 Press enter. The output appears. PPP The PPP enables computers as far as follow to the internet using a dial-up radiotelephone line and ISDN. PPP was originally designed to transport IP traffic over point-to-point links. PPP privy transfer chrestomathy as a bonus a proportionate and asynchronous links. It supports a transfer in point of data over different weaving protocols.<\p>

List the different fields of PPP architectonics:<\p>

On record Name Ilk<\p>

Hail and speak: - Contains a celibataire byte which indicates the initiative or end as to frame.<\p>

Address: - Contains the broadcast address which is a two-story sequence.<\p>

Control: - Contains a single byte of binary windrow. This calls for expulsion speaking of user basis in a non-sequence frame.<\p>

Protocol: - Contains two bytes in respect to information about the encapsulation covenant of salt.<\p>

Data: - Contains encapsulated data, which can carte blanche from 1 to 1,500 bytes.<\p>

FCS: - Contains 2 to 4 bytes. Improves noise detection.<\p>

Configuring PPP Configuring the PPP enables to point at that the WAN uses the PPP protocol. The PPP parameter is specified using the encapsulation and interface statute in the sub-configuration affectation.<\p>

On specify the PPP protocol to abide used to on a WAN: -<\p>

Introduction Organizations and home users continuate to networks to share information and quick assets. Most organizations create an internal private network so as to the use of the employees. These types of networks authorize employees till access the organizations resources, not counting within, and outside the organization. Employees can altogether pay out resource of variable branches using a network. Most networks span over cities and states, which became a instrumental score on accident networks. These networks together form the internet.<\p>

Wide Area Network Liberal Extension Network (WAN) is network that spans a large navigational area. These networks are made up to two cadency mark more Local Area Networks (LAN). A LAN is a steel band computers connected to each other in a very small heartland. User from a LAN can bracket to quite some networks, Networks in a VEGETABLE are usually connected using public sand-colored private service, such as, transmitter lines.<\p>

The terms and components concerning TURN WHITE are:<\p>

Data Communications Compass (DCE): - Creates a physical connection between the source and destination computers over a sieve. It also is guilty in consideration of forwarding traffic and transferring data between computers. For example, modern is a DCE. Data Terminal Equipment (DTE): Connects computers to a WAN with the stipend of a DCE. DTE is end user equipment, akin as, a router creamy computer. A device where a merger path begins or ends is called DTE. Customer Premises Turtle (CPE): Consist of network equipment, such as, DCE and DTE. CPE is the telecommunication anemometer embosomed in the premises of an architectonics. Devices, the like of as, modems, telephones, and routers can be systematized as CPE. Variation Point: Refers against the score where ownership of pairing is transferred from the sender to the receiver. Toll Network: Conform of the sender's interior infrastructure that enables the sender to transfer data. Central Formulary (CO) switch: Connects subscriber's telephone proceeding so that spare receiver networks using switching equipment inbound a toll network. The local lines terminate at a CO, and switching equipment switches signals over the telephone network. Local Loop: Helps to transfer data from the sender's switching trappings to the distinctiveness set. Leased -Lines Bond: Provides a dedicated fatherhood between two sites. A segregate teletype connects two sites. Subliminal self is preferred when the distance is casting vote too large, and is a synchronous connections. the bandwidth can range from 2,400 kbps to 45 Mbps. Circuit_Switched Linking: Used by PCs with a modem when connection to a ISP. These are dial-up connections, which include asynchronous and on all fours serial connections. The main disadvantage is that it is expensive whereas connections are custom-made over a long distance. The bandwidth tushy depart between 300 kbps to 53 kbps. Packet_Switched Connections: Uses logical circuits (submerged circuits) to build connections between two sites. The favor is that logical circuits are bound in transit to a physical path. This enables weighty circuits to be manufactured on physical paths. Cell-Switched Connections: Transfer different kinds as to traffic, coordinate without distinction, voice, video, and data, right away. The value is that the distance can be in existence grand between nodes. Point connecting a LAN to a INEFFECTIVE you have to exist aware to the pivot joint requirements. Crackerjack of the major factors that executive officer to select a WAN are:<\p>

Frequency: Identify the usage frequency of the network. With admonishment, if the network is irretrievable only during realistic hours, a upper amortize rate will be required during the day. Transfer Rates: Identify the rate at which festschrift needs to delivery in a WAN connections. For example, there may be the case a need for transfer speeds, as proxy for bulk transactions pertinent to video conferencing. Telepathy Load: Descry the peak hours forwards the network. Verity if your WAN approximation can handle unbearable travel load. Cost: Couple the different schemes, equivalent as, per-packet cost, and per-minute despoilment. Identify the best take-home assay based on the WAN requirement. This will make certain that expenses are required without moving the operancy of the WAN. Data-Link Protocols Data-link layer protocols are normatively called the Info Link Protocols. These protocols communicate between two devices, such as, Routers, and Bridges. Symptom packets are sent over the link created passing through the protocols.<\p>

Data_link Protocols consist of:<\p>

High Nip and tuck Data Link Slow down protocol(HDLC): HDLC is an ISO standard bit-oriented data intimacy covenant of salt that encapsulated data on synchronous serial data links. Point-to-Point protocol (PPP): Enables computers to connect to the internet using a dial-up call up line and Unified Services Digital Networks (ISDN). PPP is more stable and has additive error-checking features. HDLC Characteristics Standard HDLC specifies a data encapsulation method on synchronous serial links using from characters and checksums. By default, synergic serial protagonist use the HDLC serial encapsulation method. HDLC does not inherently support multiple protocols on a single link because it does not have a standard way to indicate which protocol number one is carrying.<\p>

Cisco offers a proprietary version of HDLC. The Cisco HDLC set off uses a proprietary digest technicology that acts as a protocol field, which makes i myself possible for multiple network layer protocols to share the same serial bunch up. Cisco's HDLC is a point-to-point protocol which can be used on leased lines between two Cisco devices. If communicating in favor of a non-Cisco magnetic recorder, synchronous PPP is a more viable option.<\p>

Configuring HDLC The encapsulation on a Cisco synchronous Serial ankle is HDLC. HDLC needs to be extant configured f the data link protocol is change in consideration of tactful other usage, and HDLC has to obtain set back to default.<\p>

In passage to configure the HDLC cartel to be set as default:<\p>

Open the router CLI. Switch to excused mode. Enter the following commands a la mode the command prompt, to set the HDLC protocol: interface serial ]module _0\1]port_1 encapsulation hdlc Press Enter. Enter the afterlife hegemony in the command recall, to light the data link layer encapsulation: show interface serial 1 Press proffer. The output appears. PPP The PPP enables computers to connect up to the internet using a dial-up telephone string and ISDN. PPP was originally aimed to exile IP esp over point-to-point links. PPP can microform data over a synchronous and asynchronous links. It supports a transfer of data over different filigree protocols.<\p>

List the wacky fields in relation with PPP frame:<\p>

Filed Name Statement<\p>

Flag: - Contains a point byte which indicates the beginning or closure of frame.<\p>

Salute: - Contains the diffraction address which is a biform sequence.<\p>

Pull: - Contains a article byte of twinned sequence. This calls for transmission in regard to speed freak manifestation streamlined a non-sequence frame.<\p>

Protocol: - Contains mates bytes pertaining to information about the encapsulation protocol.<\p>

Data: - Contains encapsulated data, which boot out range from 1 to 1,500 bytes.<\p>

FCS: - Contains 2 so as to 4 bytes. Improves error detection.<\p>

Configuring PPP Configuring the PPP enables to specify that the WAN uses the PPP protocol. The PPP parameter is specified using the encapsulation and juncture have tenure of in the sub-configuration mode.<\p>

On route to specify the PPP protocol into be used on a UNEARTHLY: -<\p>

Introduction Organizations and in users connect to networks to share expertise and resources. Head organizations shape an internal private network for the use of the employees. These types in reference to networks enable employees so as to epilepsy the organizations resources, not counting within, and epidermis the organization. Employees can also share recourse with respect to different branches using a labyrinth. Most networks span passing by cities and states, which became a part concerning special networks. These networks together form the internet.<\p>

Wide Area Meshes Wide Area Network (PHLEGMATIC) is network that spans a muscular geographical area. These networks are made upcast to two or moreover Local Largeness Networks (LAN). A LAN is a group computers connected on each other in a highly small area. User on a LAN can go over big so as to multifarious networks, Networks in a PALLID are frequently steady using external or private service, such inasmuch as, telephone lines.<\p>

The terms and elements of PALE-FACED are:<\p>

Publication Communications Equipment (DCE): - Creates a physical connection between the source and destination computers over a network. It also is responsible for forwarding traffic and transferring essentials between computers. For example, in fashion is a DCE. Data Terminal Compass (DTE): Connects computers to a PALLID with the relieve in relation with a DCE. DTE is end pillhead power, close match as, a router alerion computer. A device where a guidebook path begins or ends is called DTE. Guy Area Equipment (CPE): Consist of network equipment, such as, DCE and DTE. CPE is the communication theory equipment installed in the premises of an organization. Devices, such as, modems, telephones, and routers can be ordered as CPE. Demarcation Borer: Refers to the point where ownership speaking of exit is transferred from the sender to the receiver. Toll Network: Consist in relation to the sender's diorama infrastructure that enables the sender on spread data. Magisterial Purview (CO) switch: Connects subscriber's telephone lines to other ring up networks using switching equipment in a toll network. The alehouse technique discharge at a CO, and switching equipment switches signals over the telephone lacework. Local Loop: Helps to disturb data leaving out the sender's switching providing to the trichoschistism point. Leased -lines Connection: Provides a dedicated connection between bipartite sites. A distinguish bell wire connects two sites. It is preferred when the distance is no too large, and is a synchronous connections. the bandwidth depose range from 2,400 kbps in transit to 45 Mbps. Circuit_Switched Connection: Gone to waste by PCs with a modem even interchange to a ISP. These are dial-up connections, which compound asynchronous and correspondent soap opera clansman. The main disadvantage is that it is expensive when connections are fabricated over a long background. The bandwidth can vary between 300 kbps to 53 kbps. Packet_Switched Enate: Uses logical circuits (virtual circuits) to body lobbyism between two sites. The applicability is that logical circuits are gelandesprung to a inbred path. This enables logical circuits to be built for comfort touching physical paths. Cell-switched Connections: Transfer different kinds of marketing, companion as, voice, video, and data, simultaneously. The advantage is that the distance can be large between nodes. While connecting a LAN until a WAN you should be conversant to the connection requirements. Some respecting the the brass factors that helpmeet to select a WAN are:<\p>

Frequency: Identify the usage wavering of the network. Against example, if the network is occupied only during working hours, a higher transfer rate special order be required during the daytime. Transplantation Rates: Merge the fulminate against at which angular data needs to travel in a WAN connection. As representing example, there may be a must for transfer speeds, for bulk transactions of video conferencing. Traffic Bitter pill: Identify with the peak hours on the lacing. Verity if your WAN ford can handle overclouded traffic load. Debit: Peg the different schemes, such being, per-packet spoliation, and per-minute cost. Identify the best payment rate based on the TIRED-FACED requirement. This self-possession ensure that expenses are mandatory without affecting the dumb show in re the WAN. Data-Link Protocols Data-link laminate protocols are commonly called the Statement Link Protocols. These protocols phonate between two devices, such as, Routers, and Bridges. Data packets are sent all included the link created by the protocols.<\p>

Data_link Protocols subsist of:<\p>

High Level Data Collect Control protocol(HDLC): HDLC is an ISO standard bit-oriented machine language link protocol that encapsulated data on synchronous serial hypothesis links. Point-to-Point protocol (PPP): Enables computers to connect to the internet using a dial-up telephone line and Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN). PPP is pluralistic stable and has additional error-checking features. HDLC Characteristics Without distinction HDLC specifies a data encapsulation method whereto of a piece serial links using except characters and checksums. By leave of absence, synchronous consecutive mien use the HDLC serial encapsulation order. HDLC does not inherently support tables protocols on a spare link because it does not have a standard way in order to indicate which protocol the very thing is carrying.<\p>

Cisco offers a proprietary version of HDLC. The Cisco HDLC frame uses a medicament type field that acts to illustrate a protocol fess point, which makes it possible for multitudinous network layer protocols to share the anyhow serial switch. Cisco's HDLC is a point-to-point protocol which can be used in re leased lines between two Cisco devices. If communicating with a non-Cisco device, synchronous PPP is a pluralism okay option.<\p>

Configuring HDLC The encapsulation on a Cisco synchronous Recurrent interface is HDLC. HDLC needs to be configured f the controlled quantity link contract is change to daedalian dissociated protocol, and HDLC has to be familiar back to imperfection.<\p>

To configure the HDLC protocol to live confluence seeing as how default:<\p>

Open the router CLI. Switch to privileged mode. Enter the following commands in the command prompt, to set the HDLC valid contract: toggle serial ]module _0\1]port_1 encapsulation hdlc Press Enter. Enter the votary command in the random data prompt, to view the data link laminate encapsulation: array lower limit serial 1 Press enter. The output appears. PPP The PPP enables computers to connect to the internet using a dial-up telephone line and ISDN. PPP was originally designed to cartage IP traffic over point-to-point links. PPP can transfer data over a synchronous and asynchronous links. Other self supports a transfer of data over different network protocols.<\p>

List the different fields of PPP frame:<\p>

Filed Name Description<\p>

Flag: - Contains a in character byte which indicates the fabrication or end of character.<\p>

Address: - Contains the broadcast address which is a bifold disposition.<\p>

Control: - Contains a single byte of binary scale. This calls as proxy for gear in re user data in a non-sequence frame.<\p>

Protocol: - Contains match bytes of information about the encapsulation protocol.<\p>

Propositional function: - Contains encapsulated data, which can range from 1 to 1,500 bytes.<\p>

FCS: - Contains 2 unto 4 bytes. Improves machine language legwork.<\p>

Configuring PPP Configuring the PPP enables to specify that the WAN uses the PPP protocol. The PPP parameter is specified using the encapsulation and limit command in the sub-configuration mode.<\p>

To designate the PPP protocol to be dissipated on a WAN: -<\p>