#ebtehaj

(2) There is a massive pun here between "Sweet" and "Kings" that references the epic, Khosrow and Shirin (Persian Romeo and Juliet). "Khosrow" means "King" and "Shirin" means "Sweet". So in another way, they're saying "They gave the union of that lip of Shirin to the Khosrows".

(3) This is a reference to Farhad, who's Khosrow's main love-rival in Khosrow and Shirin. Shirin didn't want to marry Khosrow until he reclaimed his country from some other guy. To get this one ally to help him take back his country, Khosrow had to get married to that ally's daughter. He gets back his country, but now he can't marry Shirin because he's married. Farhad the sculptor/architect comes along and falls so in love with Shirin that Khosrow gets jealous, so he exiles him to carve a set of stairs into a huge mountain range. This is a near-impossible task, but Farhad tries anyway because he reckons he'll get royal permission to marry Shirin if he does. It doesn't happen because Khosrow decides to lie and send him a messenger saying Shirin's dead and Farhad throws himself off a cliff. This is exactly what "in vain I carved the mountains" means.

(4) Islamic Joseph was this ridiculously pretty guy. He was so pretty, when he walked into a room full of straight chicks who were cutting fruit, they all cut their own hands. His story starts off when all his brothers throw him into a well because he was his father's favourite. He eventually gets out when a passing merchant hears his voice and saves him, only to sell him as a slave to the king, which leads to more troubles because then the queen throws herself onto him and makes an ass out of herself, so she puts him in prison to save her own dignity. "You will not be my release from the well of grief" indeed. Also, Rostam was basically Persian Hercules. He's the mythical warrior that kept Persia victorious.

(5) The rose and the nightingale is a very common theme in Persian poetry. Basically the nightingale is head-over-heels in love with the rose. The nightingale is naive, obsessive, flighty, constantly singing to the rose but can never get close to it. The rose is thorny, proud, near perfection in beauty, and never returns the nightingale's love. Sufis use this theme to talk about love for God, but it is also used to talk about love of humans. This guy is saying if he acts like the nightingale, she'll become the rose. But if instead he acts like a tree's shadow, then she'll walk over to him of her own accord and rest underneath his shade. He's basically trying to not wear his heart on his sleeve and be more stoic. It's also a play on women being the light and men being the dark.

(6) Persians talk about people being candles when they talk about someone who gives to people and brightens up their life, sometimes at the expense of their own livelihood (candles do use wax to give people light after all). This guy wants to extinguish his own flame and stop throwing himself at the feet of a woman at the expense of his own mind. More play on light vs. shadow.