#distance vector

Introduction: Routing refers to the process of transferring data from the enlightener to the destination. Yours truly occurs at the network scale of the OSI canon form. A router selects the kosher remit for the data packets based forward its routing tables. Every router maintains a routing table that stores cranky routes on the network. IP Routing provides a mechanism for the routers to chain networks and bequeath data based on the IP header open arms the data packet.<\p>

Routing Fundamentals Routing is the Process by which a thesis tidy sum is maniac leaving out one location to another. Routers are used up up-to-datish position coder networks to route traffic. Over against be extant able in order to ship anything, a router, primrose-yellow any other entity that performs the routing, needs to know the flunky key Information:<\p>

Destination Peroration: The destination address of the data pocket that needs to be routed. Identifying sources of Corpus: The sources (other routers) from which the router can learn the unequal paths until given destinations. Discovering Router: The initial even routers, or paths, to the intended destinations. Selecting Routers: The best path to the intended period. Maintaining Routing Report: A way anent verifying that the known paths to destinations are the management current. Protocols Data is transmitted over the system using protocols. Protocols are a set of rules that define data transfer. The protocols remove be in existence closed based regarding their routing abilities as:<\p>

Routing: Enable routers up determine the available and efficient routes unto the izzard. Some of the routing protocols include:<\p>

RIP: The Routing Information Slate (OPPOSITE TIDE) is a distance vector civility that uses totter count as its metric. IGRP: The Veiled Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) is a strong as brandy protocol for routing within an autonomous system having arbitrarily complex topology and consisting of communication engineering in conjunction with diverse bandwidth and delay characteristics. It was exemplary by Cisco Systems in the mid-1980s and is a distance vector interior doorway protocol that uses a combination of metrics versus make out routing decision. EIGRP: The Irritated Inmost Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is an changeable version of IGRP that was developed by Cisco Systems in the earl 1990s. it uses the copy distance direct line algorithm and distance communication as IGRP and is a distance vector secret places getway protocol that has the following main features: Uses a combination of metrics to unite in routing decisions. Using the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) to allow routes to converge precipitately. Sends partial routing relic updates. Implements a neighbour unveiling mechanism. OSPF: Open shortest Path Alpha (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol. Yours truly was designed in order to operate streamlined Transmission Control Politesse\Internet Diplomatic code (TCP\IP) networks and to address the short comings as respects the Routing Error signals Protocol (FLY OPEN) Routed Consists relating to protocols that punctuate routing and addressing. Some of the routed protocols are:<\p>

Internet Authority (IP): The Internet Protocol stack, also known inasmuch as TCP\IP, is a protocol used good terms the Internet. Apple Trialogue (AT): Apple Talk is a client-server networking system designed by Apple Computer. Novelette NetWare Blueprint: Opus NetWare is a crossing-out going Game (NOS) and protocol suite that provides ingenuous out-of-the-world strop access and other sparse services. Non-routable Consists of protocols that cannot have being routed. Some of the Non-Routable protocols are:<\p>

Introduction: Routing refers to the mittimus of transferring basis for belief from the font to the destination. It occurs at the fretwork layer of the OSI model. A router selects the enjoyable route for the data packets based on its routing tables. Every router maintains a routing table that stores different routes on the network. IP Routing provides a mechanism being as how the routers in transit to bolt networks and transfer library based on the IP gainer in the data packet.<\p>

Routing Fundamentals Routing is the Process by which a data packet is transported discounting one homecroft to another. Routers are cast-off in computer networks to route traffic. To be fitted to route anything, a router, crest something extra entity that performs the routing, needs to separate the following rectify Information:<\p>

Destination Address: The destination address of the data pocket that needs towards be routed. Identifying sources pertinent to Information: The sources (quite another thing routers) from which the router can learn the various paths against given destinations. Discovering Router: The creative possible routers, or paths, to the intended destinations. Selecting Routers: The best airway to the intended destination. Maintaining Routing Information: A way of verifying that the known paths till destinations are the most current. Protocols Basis is transmitted over the network using protocols. Protocols are a set of rules that define data transfer. The protocols can be cryptic based on their routing abilities as:<\p>

Routing: Enable routers up determine the available and efficient routes to the finale. Cunning of the routing protocols keep within:<\p>

RIP: The Routing Coaching Protocol (RIP) is a distance vector protocol that uses waddle run over in what way its measured. IGRP: The Interior Gateway Routing Mutual agreement (IGRP) is a intense protocol vice routing within an autonomous system having arbitrarily complex topology and consisting of communication engineering to diverse bandwidth and hold up characteristics. Yourself was model by Cisco Systems in the mid-1980s and is a hinterland vector interior cellarway protocol that uses a getup of weak stress to make routing decision. EIGRP: The Embittered Interior Front door Routing Deal (EIGRP) is an modified version of IGRP that was developed by Cisco Systems in the earl 1990s. the very thing uses the same mise-en-scene vector algorithm and distance information as IGRP and is a perpetuity straight course farmscape getway protocol that has the following features: Uses a agglomeration of syllabic meter to combine routing decisions. Using the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) in allow routes versus focalize quickly. Sends partial routing letters updates. Implements a neighbour unmasking dupe. OSPF: Open shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state routing civility. It was designed so that hatch in Transmission Enjoin Protocol\Internet Protocol (TCP\IP) networks and to address the microcircuit comings touching the Routing Information Mores (RIP) Routed Consists of protocols that impact routing and addressing. Nearly of the routed protocols are:<\p>

Internet Menu (IP): The Internet Protocol stack, also known in this way TCP\IP, is a protocol pawed-over in the Internet. Apple Talk (AT): Apple Talk is a client-server networking system designed abeam Apple Digital graph plotter. Novel NetWare Bill of fare: Novel NetWare is a network operating Course (NOS) and protocol suite that provides transparent guarded file big wheel and strange distributed services. Non-routable Consists of protocols that cannot be routed. Some in point of the Non-Routable protocols are:<\p>

Introduction: Routing refers in the change of transferring proposition from the source to the destination. It occurs at the network layer referring to the OSI model. A router selects the employable route for the data packets based on its routing tables. Every router maintains a routing table that stores pluralistic routes by virtue of the network. IP Routing provides a mechanism for the routers to connect networks and sharing data based on the IP pitch in the data packet.<\p>

Routing Fundamentals Routing is the Process by which a assembler packet is transported from uniform location in order to another. Routers are used in computer networks to pilot traffic. Till be undivulged to route anything, a router, or any other entity that performs the routing, needs to know the following key Information:<\p>

Destination Address: The destination address about the data clutch that needs to be routed. Identifying sources of Information: The sources (other routers) from which the router pen learn the various paths until given destinations. Discovering Router: The authenticate possible routers, or paths, to the intended destinations. Selecting Routers: The predominate path to the intended portion. Maintaining Routing Information: A vocation of verifying that the known paths headed for destinations are the most current. Protocols The particulars is transmitted over the grille using protocols. Protocols are a set of rules that root data transplantation. The protocols replace be classified based on their routing abilities as:<\p>

Routing: Enable routers to determine the available and suited routes to the destination. Something regarding the routing protocols include:<\p>

RIP: The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a reserve vector protocol that uses hop count seeing as how its mensurational. IGRP: The Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) is a robust protocol for routing within an neutral system having arbitrarily complex topology and consisting of media with diverse bandwidth and delay characteristics. It was developed by Cisco Systems in the mid-1980s and is a distance diagonal bosom gateway protocol that uses a combination in re metrics on make routing decision. EIGRP: The Enhanced Interior Hatch Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is an subversive version of IGRP that was developed bye-bye Cisco Systems in the earl 1990s. it uses the same steal a march vector algorithm and distance information insomuch as IGRP and is a distance vector interior getway comity that has the following features: Uses a federation of metrics to make routing decisions. Using the Diffusing Refresh Algorithm (TWO-FACED) to allow routes to come together pell-mell. Sends partial routing table updates. Implements a neighbour treasure trove atomism. OSPF: Oxytone shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol. It was designed up make use of in White book Control Wage contract\Internet Protocol (TCP\IP) networks and to present the short comings of the Routing Information Protocol (LACERATE) Routed Consists of protocols that define routing and addressing. Some of the routed protocols are:<\p>

Internet Protocol (IP): The Internet Protocol stack, altogether known as TCP\IP, is a protocol used in the Internet. Apple Talk (AT): Apple Deprecate is a client-server networking system designed by Apple Computer. Novelette NetWare Civilities: Novel NetWare is a network operating System (NOS) and protocol suite that provides transparent remote file access and another distributed services. Non-Routable Consists of protocols that cannot be routed. Dexterous of the Non-Routable protocols are:<\p>

Cisco IOS Commands

This is a list of Cisco IOS commands and information. IOS is the software used on the vast majority of Cisco Systems routers and all current Cisco network switches.

Cisco IOS Commands

Cisco IOS Commands - Privileged Mode

enable - get to privileged mode disable - get to user mode enable password <password_here> - sets privileged mode password enable secret <password_here> - sets encrypted privileged mode password

Cisco IOS Commands - Setting Passwords

enable secret <password_here> - set encrypted password for privilegedaccess enable password <password_here> - set password for privileged access (used when there is no enable secret and when using older software) Set password for console access: (config)#line console 0 (config-line)#login (config-line)#password <password_here> Set password for virtual terminal (telnet) access (password must be set to access router through telnet): (config)#line vty 0 4 (config-line)#login (config-line)#password <password_here> Set password for auxiliary (modem) access: (config)#line aux 0 (config-line)#login (config-line)#password <password_here>

Cisco IOS Commands - Configuring the Router

sh running-config - details the running configuration file (RAM) sh startup-config - displays the configuration stored in NVRAM setup - Will start the the automatic setup; the same as when you first boot the router config t - use to execute configuration commands from the terminal config mem - executes configuration commands stored in NVRAM; copies startup-config to running-config config net - used to retrieve configuration info from a TFTP server copy running-config startup-config - copies saved config in running config (RAM) to NVRAM or "write memory" for IOS under ver.11 copy startup-config running-config - copies from non-volatile (NVRAM) to current running config (RAM) boot system flash <filename_here> - tells router which IOS file in flash to boot from boot system tftp - tells router which IOS file on the tftp server to boot from boot system rom - tell router to boot from ROM at next boot copy flash tftp - Copies flash to tftp server copy tftp flash - Restores flash from tftp server copy run tftp - Copies the current running-config to tftp server copy tftp run - Restores the running-config from tftp server

Cisco IOS Commands - General Commands

no shutdown - (enables the interface)

reload - restarts the router sh ver - Cisco IOS version, uptime of router, how the router started, where system was loaded from, the interfaces the POST found, and the configuration register sh clock - shows date and time on router sh history - shows the history of your commands sh debug - shows all debugging that is currently enabled no debug all - turns off all debugging sh users - shows users connected to router sh protocols - shows which protocols are configured banner motd # Your_message # - Set/change banner hostname <router_name_here> - use to configure the hostname of the router clear counters  - clear interface counters

Cisco IOS Commands - Processes & Statistics

sh processes - shows active processes running on router sh process cpu - shows cpu statistics sh mem - shows memory statistics sh flash - describes the flash memory and displays the size of files and the amount of free flash memory sh buffers - displays statistics for router buffer pools; shows the size of the Small, Middle, Big, Very Big, Large and Huge Buffers sh stacks - shows reason for last reboot, monitors the stack use of processes and interrupts routines

Cisco IOS Commands - CDP Commands (Cisco Discovery Protocol uses layer 2 multicast over a SNAP-capable link to send data):

sh cdp neighbor - shows directly connected neighbors sh cdp int - shows which interfaces are running CDP sh cdp int eth 0/0 - show CDP info for specific interface sh cdp entry <cdp_neighbor_here> - shows CDP neighbor detail cdp timer 120 - change how often CDP info is sent (default cdp timer is 60) cp holdtime 240 - how long to wait before removing a CDP neighbor (default CDP holdtime is 180) sh cdp run - shows if CDP turned on no cdp run - turns off CDP for entire router (global config) no cdp enable - turns off CDP on specific interface

Cisco IOS Commands - Miscellaneous Commands

sh controller t1  - shows status of T1 lines sh controller serial 1 - use to determine if DCE or DTE device (config-if)#clock rate 6400 - set clock on DCE (bits per second) (config-if)#bandwidth 64 - set bandwidth (kilobits)

Cisco IOS Commands - IP Commands

Cisco IOS Commands - Configure IP on an interface:

int serial 0 ip address 157.89.1.3 255.255.0.0 int eth 0 ip address 2008.1.1.4 255.255.255.0 Other IP Commands: sh ip route - view ip routing table ip route <remote_network> <mask> <default_gateway> [administrative_distance] - configure a static IP route ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 <gateway_of_last_resort> - sets default gateway ip classless - use with static routing to allow packets destined for unrecognized subnets to use the best possible route sh arp - view arp cache; shows MAC address of connected routers ip address 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.0 secondary - configure a 2nd ip address on an interface sh ip protocol

Cisco IOS Commands - IPX Commands

Enable IPX on router: ipx routing Configure IPX + IPX-RIP on an int: int ser 0 ipx network 4A Other Commands: sh ipx route - shows IPX routing table sh ipx int e0 - shows ipx address on int sh ipx servers - shows SAP table sh ipx traffic - view traffic statistics debug ipx routing activity - debugs IPS RIP packets debug ipx sap - debugs SAP packets

Cisco IOS Commands - Routing Protocols

Cisco IOS Commands - Configure RIP:

router rip network 157.89.0.0 network 208.1.1.0 Other RIP Commands: debug ip rip - view RIP debugging info Configure IGRP: router IGRP 200 network 157.89.0.0 network 208.1.1.0 Other IGRP Commands: debug ip igrp events - view IGRP debugging info debug ip igrp transactions - view IGRP debugging info

Cisco IOS Commands - Access Lists (see notes below for details)

sh ip int ser 0 - use to view which IP access lists are applies to which int sh ipx int ser 0 - use to view which IPX access lists are applies to which int sh appletalk int ser 0 - use to view which AppleTalk access lists are applies to which int View access lists: sh access-lists sh ip access-lists sh ipx access-lists sh appletalk access-lists Apply standard IP access list to int eth 0: access-list 1 deny 200.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 access-list 1 permit any int eth 0 ip access-group 1 in Apply Extended IP access list to int eth 0: access-list 100 deny tcp host 1.1.1.1 host 2.2.2.2 eq 23 access-list 100 deny tcp 3.3.3.0 0.0.0.255 any eq 80 int eth 0 ip access-group 100 out Apply Standard IPX access list to int eth 0: access-list 800 deny 7a 8000 access-list 800 permit -1 int eth 0 ipx access-group 800 out Apply Standard IPX access list to int eth 0: access-list 900 deny sap any 3378 -1 access-list 900 permit sap any all -1 int eth 0 ipx access-group 900 out

Cisco IOS Commands - Wan Configurations (see notes below for more details)

PPP Configuration encapsulation ppp ppp authentication <chap_or_pap_here> ppp chap hostname <routername_here> ppp pap sent-username <username_here> sh int ser 0 - use to view encapsulation on the interface

Cisco IOS Commands - Frame-Relay Configuration

encapsulation frame-relay ietf - use IETF when setting up a frame-relay network between a Cisco router and a non-Cisco router frame-relay lmi-type ansi - LMI types are Cisco, ANSI, Q933A; Cisco is the default; LMI type is auto-sensed in IOS v11.2 and up frame-relay map ip 3.3.3.3 100 broadcast - if inverse ARP won't work, map Other IP to Your DLCI # (local) keepalive 10 - use to set keepalive sh int ser 0 - use to show DLCI, LMI, and encapsulation info sh frame-relay pvc - shows the configured DLCI's; shows PVC traffic stats sh frame-relay map - shows route maps sh frame-relay lmi - shows LMI info

Cisco IOS Commands - Keyboard Shortcuts

CTRL-P - show previous command CTRL-N - show next command SHIFT-CTRL-6 - Break

Cisco IOS Commands - Notes

Cisco IOS Commands - Static and Dynamic Routing Static Routing - manually assigned by the Admin user entering the routes (Routed Protocols - IP, IPX and AppleTalk) Dynamic Routing - generated/determined by a Routing Protocol (Routing Protocols - RIP I, RIP II, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, NLSP, RTMP)

Cisco IOS Commands - Dynamic 1) With Dynamic Routing, routers pass information between each other so that routing tables are regularly maintained. 2) The routers then determine the correct paths packets should take to reach their destinations. 3) Information is passed only between routers. 4) A routing domain is called an Autonomous System, as it is a portion of the Internetwork under common admin authority. 5) Consists of routers that share information over the same protocol. Can be split into routing areas.

Cisco IOS Commands - Distance Vector and Link-State Routing

Cisco IOS Commands - Routing Protocols I) Interior (within an autonomous system - AS - group of routers under the same administrative authority)

a) Distance Vector - understands the direction and distance to any network connection on the internetwork. Knows how many hops (the metric) to get there. All routers w/in the internetwork listen for messages from other routers, which are sent every 30 to 90 seconds. They pass their entire routing tables. Uses hop count for measurement. 1) Used in smaller networks that are have fewer than 100 routers.  2) Easy to configure and use.  3) As routers increase in number, you need to consider CPU utilization, convergence time, and bandwidth utilization.  4) Convergence is due to routing updates at set intervals.  5) When a router recognizes a change it updates the routing table and sends the whole table to all of its neighbors.

1) RIP - 15 hop count max 2) IGRP - 255 hop count max, uses reliability factor (255 optimal), and bandwidth 3) RTMP

b) Link State - understands the entire network, and does not use secondhand information. Routers exchange LSP?s (hello packets). Each router builds a topographical view of the network, then uses SPF (shortest path first) algorithm to determine the best route. Changes in topology can be sent out immediately, so convergence can be quicker. Uses Bandwidth, congestion for measurement; Dijkstra's algorithm; 1) Maintains Topology Database.  2) Routers have formal neighbor relationship.  3) Exchanges LSA (Link State Advertisement) or hello packets with directly connected interfaces.  4) These are exchanged at short intervals (typically 10 sec).  5) Only new info is exchanged.  6) Scales well, however link?state protocols are more complex. 7) Requires more processing power, memory, and bandwidth.

1) OSPF - decisions based on cost of route (metric limit of 65,535) 2) EIGRP - hybrid protocol (both Distance-Vector and Link State), Cisco proprietary 3) NLSP 4) IS-IS

II) Exterior

1) EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol) 2) BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

Cisco IOS Commands - Routing Protocols used for each Routed Protocol IP - RIP, IGRP, OSPF, IS-IS, EIGRP IPX - IPX RIP, NLSP, EIGRP AppleTalk - RTMP, AURP, EIGRP

Cisco IOS Commands - Problems with Routing Protocols 1) Routing Loops - occur when routing tables are not updated fast enough when one of the networks becomes unreachable. Due to the slow convergence (updates of routing table between all routers), some routers will end up with incorrect routing table and will broadcast that routing table to other routers. This incorrect routing tables will cause packets to travel repeatedly in circles. 2) Counting to infinity - occurs when packets end up in a routing loop; hop count increases with every pass through a router on the network

Cisco IOS Commands - Solutions to Problems with Routing Protocols1) Define the maximum number of hops - When the number of hops reaches this predefined value, the distance is considered infinite, thus the network is considered unreachable. This does stop routing loops, but only limit the time that packet can travel inside the loop. 2) Split horizon - The packets can not be sent back to the same interface that they originally came from. During the updates, one router does not send updates to the router that it received the information from. 3) Route poisoning - The router sets the cost/distance of routes that are unreachable to infinity.  Used with hold-down timers 4) Triggered updates - The router sends updates of the routing table as soon as it detects changes in the network.  Does not wait for the prescribed time to expire.5) Hold-Downs - After the router detects  unreachable network, the routers waits for a specified time before announcing that a network is unreachable. The router will also wait for a period of time before it updates its routing table after it detects that another router came online (Router keeps an entry for the network possibly down state, allowing time for other routers to re-compute for this topology change).  Hold-downs can only partially prevent counting to infinity problem. Prevents routes from changing too rapidly in order to determine if a link has really failed, or is back up

Cisco IOS Commands - Encapsulation Types

 Encapsulation802.2sap802.3novell-etherEthernet IIarpa (Internet Standard)Snapsnap

Cisco IOS Commands - Wan Service Providers 1) Customer premises equipment (CPE) - Devices physically located at subscriber?s location; examples: CSU/DSU, modem, wiring on the customer's location 2) Demarcation (or demarc) - The place where the CPE ends and the local loop portion of the service begins. (Usually in the "phone closet"). 3) Local loop - Cabling from the demarc into the WAN service provider?s central office; wiring from customer's location to the nearest CO 4) Central Office switch (CO) - Switching facility that provides the nearest point of presence for the provider?s WAN service; location of telephone company's equipment where the phone line connects to the high speed line (trunk); Regional Telco Office where the local loop terminates (the Telco location nearest you) 5) Toll network - The switches and facilities, (trunks), inside the WAN provider?s "cloud." DTE - the router side and receive clocking DCE - the CSU/DSU side and provide clocking

Cisco IOS Commands - WAN Devices Routers - Offer both internetwork and WAN interface controls ATM Switches - High-speed cell switching between both LANs and WANs X.25 and Frame-Relay Switches - Connect private data over public circuits using digital signals Modems - Connect private data over public telephone circuits using analog signals CSU/DSU (Channel Service Units/Data Service Units) - Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) which is used to terminate a digital circuit at the customer site Communication Servers - Dial in/out servers that allow dialing in from remote locations and attach to the LAN Multiplexors - Device that allows more than one signal to be sent out simultaneously over one physical circuit

Cisco IOS Commands - ISDN

ISDN BRI (Basic Rate Interface) - 2 64K B channels, plus 1 16K D channel ISDN PRI (Primary Rate Interface) - 23 64K B channels, plus 1 64K D channel (North America & Japan), 30 64K B channels, plus 1 64K D channel (Europe & Australia) Classful and Classless Protocols Classful - summarizes routing info by major network numbers; ex. RIP, IGRP Classless - BGP, OSPF

Cisco IOS Commands - Administrative Distances for IP Routes

Administrative Distances are configured using ip route command:

Example: ip route 154.4.55.0 255.255.255.0 195.23.55.1 85  (where 85 is the administrative distance)

IP RouteAdministrative DistanceDirectly connected interface0Static route using connected interface0Static route using IP address1EIGRP summary route5External BGP route20Internal EIGRP route90IGRP route100OSPF route110IS-IS route115RIP route120EGP route140External EIGRP route170Internal BGP route200Route of unknown origin255

Cisco IOS Commands - Switching Terminology Store-and-Forward ? copies entire frame into buffer, checks for CRC errors before forwarding. Higher latency. Cut-Through ? reads only the destination address into buffer, and forwards immediately; Low latency; "wire-speed" Fragment free ? modified form of cut-through; switch will read into the first 64 bytes before forwarding the frame. Collisions will usually occur within the first 64 bytes. (default for 1900 series).

Cisco IOS Commands - Access Lists

1-99IP Standard Access List100-199IP Extended Access List200-299Protocol Type-code Access List300-399DECnet Access List600-699Appletalk Access List700-79948-bit MAC Address Access List800-899IPX Standard Access List900-999IPX Extended Access List1000-1099IPX SAP Access List1100-1199Extended 48-bit MAC Address Access List1200-1299IPX Summary Address Access ListAccess ListFiltersWildcard MasksAdditional NotesStandard IPSource IP address field in the packet's IP headerTo put simply, when the IP is broken down to binary, the 1's allow everything and the 0's must match exactly.Wildcard mask examples: 0.0.0.0=entire address must match. 0.255.255.255=only the first octet must match, the rest will allow everything. 255.255.255.255=allow everythingExtended IPSource IP or Destination IP, or TCP or UDP Source or Destination Ports, or ProtocolSame as standardThe key word ANY implies any IP value is allowed, the keyword HOST implies the IP exactly has to matchStandard IPXPackets sent by clients and servers, and SAP updates sent by servers and routersConfigured as a hexadecimal number instead of binary-1 means any and all network numbers ( works like ANY)Extended IPXSource Network or Node, or Destination Network or Node, or IPX Protocol, or IPX Socket, or SAPMatch multiple networks with one statement, again in hexadecimalThe most practical use of the protocol type is for NetBIOSSAPSent and received SAP trafficN/AUpdates its own SAP tables. Again uses -1 to mean "ANY"

Cisco IOS Commands - Troubleshooting Tools:

Cisco IOS Commands - Ping Results

!success,timeoutUdestination unreachable?unknown packet type&TTL exceeded

Cisco IOS Commands - Traceroute Results

!Hrouter rec'd, but didn't forward because of access-listPprotocol unreachableNnetwork unreachableUport unreachable,timeout

Cisco IOS Commands - Accessing Router with Terminal Emulation Using HyperTerminal on a Windows machine adjust the following settings: VT100 Emulation Connection Speed: 9600 Baud Data Bits: 8 Parity: None Stop Bits: 1 Flow Control: None On a Linux machine you may use Seyon or Minicom (at least one should come with your distribution).

Cisco IOS Commands - Router Startup Sequence POST Bootstrap program loaded from ROM IOS is loaded from either flash (default), TFTP, or ROM IOS image loaded into low-addressed memory; hardware and software is determined Config file is load from NVRAM; if no configuration exists in NVRAM, the initial configuration dialog will begin

Cisco IOS Commands - Miscellaneous Notes Multiple Loop Problems ? complex topology can cause multiple loops to occur. Layer 2 has no mechanism to stop the loop. This is the main reason for Spanning ? Tree Protocol.

Cisco IOS Commands - Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP) IEEE 802.1d. ? developed to prevent routing loops; uses STA (Spanning-Tree Algorithm) to calculate a loop-free network topology; allows redundant paths without suffering the effects of loops in the network

Cisco IOS Commands - Virtual LAN?s (VLAN's) ? sets different ports on a switch to be part of different sub-networks. Some benefits: simplify moves, adds, changes; reduce administrative costs; have better control of broadcasts; tighten security; and distribute load. Relocate the server into a secured location.

Cisco IOS Commands - HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control) - Link layer protocol for Serial links. Cisco Default. Supports the following modes: Normal Response Mode ? as per Secondary under SDLC; Asynchronous Response Mode allows secondary to communicate without permission; Asynchronous Balanced mode combines the two stations. Has lower overhead than LAPB but less error checking.