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Chromatin & Transcription: A New Embryonic Link
Understanding Early Development Through Chromatin Insights New research published in Nature is revolutionizing our understanding of early mouse embryo development by highlighting the crucial role of chromatin architecture and gene transcription. Scientists have uncovered how cohesin, a protein vital for chromosome organization, progressively loads onto active regulatory genes, forming distinct…
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Cohesin mechanics are redefining DNA research
From optical trapping experiments to insights into molecular force generation, Dr. Maxim Molodtsov shared how his research is uncovering the mechanical and structural underpinnings of cohesin’s role in genome regulation. Watch the full webinar What role does cohesin play in DNA loop formation and chromosome segregation? Cohesin is a protein complex that holds sister chromatids together and…
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(via https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_KdrtsmYoE)
Watch the human genome fold itself in four dimensions
Each human cell nucleus is packed with 2 meters of DNA wrapped around 46 chromosomes like a jumble of spaghetti. These “noodles” are in constant motion as they adjust to what the cell needs to do, and these adjustments bring certain genes into contact so they can work together. Now, researchers have visualized this dance at 20-minute intervals, so that they get a 4D rendering: They can see how this 3D structure changes over time. In doing so they have demonstrated how one protein helps orchestrate these movements. By removing and then adding this protein, called cohesin, researchers made specific DNA loops that disappear and then reappear, they report this month in Cell. But cohesin really only affects looping that brings genes on the same chromosome into contact. A second, still-undefined mechanism seems to bring genes from different chromosomes together, the team notes. The changing landscape of loops helps cells quickly change which genes are active. Understanding this dance could help researchers better understand and treat genetic disease.
Sticking Together
Ever been defeated by a particularly tricky bit of flat-pack furniture? Even our cells struggle with DIY sometimes. Within a dividing cell, matching pairs of chromosomes must join up to exchange sections of DNA. This is a delicate process, and if the chromosomes fail to join or separate properly, new cells can end up with serious genetic abnormalities. Some complications are caused by structural faults in a molecular ‘velcro’ called cohesin, which holds the two chromosomes together. The chromosome pairs pictured come from dividing egg cells from mice lacking part of cohesin. In each case complete pairing has been disrupted: by a ‘fork’ (top left) ‘bubbles’ (top right and bottom left) or by failure to join altogether (bottom right). Knowing the crucial role of cohesin is a step towards understanding why some pregnancies fail in the early stages, as egg cells with chromosomal defects rarely survive for long after fertilisation.
Written by Emma Stoye
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Patricia Hunt
Washington State University, USA
Originally published under a Creative Commons Attribution license
Published in PLoS Genetics 9(2): e1003241
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