#circassianlanguage

Title: What Happens When We Lose a Language?

The mentioning of the Ubykh (Circassian 🍀) of the British 🇬🇧 daily newspaper 📰 🗞 in London 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 and across the United Kingdom. 🇬🇧

This British 🇬🇧 newspaper 📰 🗞 article was established from yesterday - 09/05/2026 (9th of May 2026) from Britain. 🇬🇧

Language Endangerment: Approximately 44% of human languages are currently endangered.

Cultural Loss: The loss of a language entails the loss of unique traditions, culture, and specific knowledge about the environment, such as local flora and fauna.

Historical Impact: Indigenous languages in the United States 🇺🇲 were severely impacted by displacement and disempowerment.

Case Study: The Ubykh 🍀 (Circassian 🍀) language was lost after its speakers were forced into exile in the Ottoman Empire following the Tsarist's conquest of their region of Circassia 🍀 and the Northern Caucasus. 🍀

The Guardian is a British 🇬🇧 daily newspaper. It was founded in Manchester 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿🇬🇧 in 1821 as The Manchester 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿🇬🇧 Guardian and changed its name in 1959, followed by a move to London. 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿🇬🇧

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The Guardian 🇬🇧📰🗞 - Wikipedia:

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Reference Links:

What happens when we lose a language? | Language | The Guardian:

https://share.google/CjxZV8x3FMvWBnV3g

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2026/may/10/what-happens-when-we-lose-a-language

https://www.zedzek.com/en - Both dialects of Adygean and Kabardian are available.

#Адыгэбзэ 🍀

#CircassianLanguage 🍀

Circassian Ху/Хужь/фыжьы (hu/hw/hužʹ/fyžʹy; "white"), Gothic 🇩🇪 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 (ƕeits), Old Gutnish Huit, OE Hwīt, Scots 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿🇬🇧 Fyte, Wymysorys Wȧjs, OHG Wīz.

Circassian блэн (to shine, blaze, knit, braid). Russian блеск (shine, blaze), белый/бледный (white). Braid (from *bʰrēǵ- "to shine") 🎆👱‍♀️🔀💡

Circassian зылэн (zəlăn; to paint, colour, makeup, beautify, красить) and Proto-Slavic *zelenъ (green, зелёный).

From Circassian лъэ (leg), пэ (nose, tip), лъапэ (foot), дэн (to sew), лъэпэд (socks). See also Circassian цу (c°; ox), цуакъэ (c°āqă; shoes), цокъэжъ (coqăẑ; old shoes) → SOCK, Russian чувяк (chuvyak), Greek σύκχος (súkkhos; a kind of shoe), τσάγγα (tságga, a soft shoe) 🐂 👞

Circassian Лъэ (Lʺe; Leg), Лъэгу (Lʺegu; Sole, Level, Valley), Лъапэ (Lʺape; Foot, Paw), Пэ (Nose, Ledge), Ӏэ (Hand, Arm), Ӏэпэ (Finger) ✋👃🚶

Circassian Лъэ ("Leg") + Пэ ("Nose, Ledge") = Лъапэ (Łāpă), Russian Лапа (Lapa), Irish Lapa, Norwegian Labb, Hungarian Láb, Romanian Labă 🐾👣

Circassian Ныбэ (nəbă; belly, stomach); Veps, Old High German, Latvian, Estonian Naba (belly button, navel); German Nabe (hub). 🤰

NOTE: However, that Naba and Napa in several Finnic languages are borrowings from a Germanic language.

Circassian шъуапэ (šʺuape; "cockroach") → German Schabe → Czech šváb ("cockroach") ≠ Šváb ("Swabian, Schwabe") 🧐🐜

Circassian Лъэпэд (Łăpăd; "Socks") → Russian Лапоть (Lapotʹ; "Bast shoe, lapti, traditional footwear of Northeastern Europe") 🧦 ⪑⪒|⪑⪒

Circassian пэрыт (peryt; advanced, ahead, in front, foremost, counselor, a given name), Russian передовой (pered-ovoj; advanced, foremost) 🔝

Russian перёд (peryod; front), пре (pre; over, most, very), Polish prze (pron. PSHEH; over, great, super), Latin pretiō (I value, esteem) 🔝

Some other native Circassian words: пщы (pščy; prince), пашэ (paše; top, leader, advanced), пащхьэ/пашъхьэ (paščhʹe/pašʺhʹe; in front of) 🔝

See also Polish przed (pron. PSHED; in front of), prze (PSHEH; over, great, super, IFO), przod-owy (advanced), przód (fore) etc. (rz=sh/š) 🔝

🐛 Circassian маркуэ / марко (mārk°ă / mārko; "worm"). cf. Norwegian mark ("worm") 🐛

Greek τσαγκάρης (tsagkáris; shoemaker) < τσάγγα (tságga; a kind of soft shoe) + -άρης (-áris; -er, denotes profession) ← Circassian цуакъэ (c°āqă; shoes) < цу (c°; ox, bull), cf. укъын (wqən; to open wide, bare, uncover, flay, remove the covering).

Ukrainian жар (žar; heat, fever), вар (var; suffocating heat, boiling) Circassian жъон (ẑon), вэн (văn; to boil, plow) цуабзэ (c°ābză), вабдзэ (vābʒă; plowshare) < бзын (bzən; to cut) цу (c°), вы (və; bull, ox), pron. чъу (čw) in some other dialects 🥵 🐃≈#wagon 🚜 #parallels

Oxen were used in farms for plowing as well. 🐂 Circassian цуакъэ (c°āqă), вакъэ (vāqă; shoes), also pron. чъуакъэ (čwāqă), вакъэжь (vāqăẑ), цокъэжъ (coqăẑ; old shoes) < -жь/ъ (old). Thanks to Circassian, it's safer to say French and Middle Irish soc (plowshare) is related to🧦

а-цәаҟа (ā-c°q̇ā) (not an independent word) would be the Abkhaz spelling of this word. Abkhaz а-цә (ā-c°; ox, bull), а-ҳәа (ā-x°ā; hog, saber), а-ҳәара (ā-x°ārā; to ask, beg), а-цәара (ā-c°ārā; to suck, sleep), а-цәгьа (ā-c°g̍ā; arduous, despiteful, aggressive, bad) 💢🐃

Abkhaz а-цәа (ā-c°ā; skin, leather, cover, shell, suck, nurse, plural forming suffix as in Ан-цәа, the creator of all things, parents, progenitors, mothers, patronesses who bore the great matriarchal Apsua people) .

NOTE: Mar gheall ar an chéad dá litir. Sock (item of clothing) is related to Circassian c°āqă. Sock (plowshare) is derived from a PIE word which is also related to c°. Both come from the same root word indicating a cattle. Is é sin mo thuairim faoi. Ó, is ☘️ liom🇮🇪

In English Death is a “He,” right? In Russian it’s a “She” - Smert’.

In Circassian Death does not have any gender (no he or she) It’s called Pseheh [Psew-heh] - literally translates “The Soul Extractor.”

In English & Russian Death “comes”

In Circassian Death “visits”

Circassian жъун/вын(to melt,žw=v)💥жъуэ(~heat,shine,žw)🎇гъо/гъуэ(ġo;l-yellow,dry,hole,time)🌾👑жъуагъо/вагъуэ(star,žwago/vague)💫жъуагъэ/вагъэ(arable land, boiled)⏳Latin vagus(wandering,strolling)☄️M French vague (empty,vacant,uncultivated)👩‍🌾Lithuanian žarijà(heat)žvaigždė̃(🌠)

🌾 Norwegian varme (heat), gul (yellow), gull (gold), Ukrainian zorja (star, dawn) 🌆 zoloto (gold), žovtyj (yellow), Chechen or (hole), French or (gold), Circassian aka Promethean ġo/ġ°ă (light-yellow, dry, time, hole, burrow...)⌛️ ẑ°ā/vā (🔥), ẑ°āġo/vāġ°ă (🌟) To be cont'd💤

Compare South Slavic examples чир (čir; to boil), цирей (cirej; boil) as well as Icelandic bulla (to boil) and Abkhaz а-былра (ā-bəlrā; to burn). 🔥🐃

"Тхьэ/Тхьа" (Tkh'è, Tkh'a, Tha, Thar) means God in Circassian and predates Christianity. cf. Greek "θεός" (Theós) or Old Norse "Þórr" (Thor).

Circassian дахэ (dāxă; "beautiful"), дэгъу[э] (dăġ°[ă]; "good, excellent, fig. fresh, brave"), гуапэ (g°āpă; 😻 "good, pleasant, hot, cordial, guapo") ⋰Ẍ⋱ Old Irish deg, dag ("good, excellent") → The Dagda (🌄 "Good God").

Circassian дэи, дэй, дэйы (dăi, dăj, dăjə; "bad"), дагъуэ (dāġ°ă; "defect") 🧙‍♀️

Goedendag! Circassian дыгъэ, тыгъэ (dəġă, təġă; "the Sun, gift"), гъэ (ġă; "year"), гъуэ (ġ°ă; "time, light red") 🐷 Old English ġēr ("year"), Swedish ge ("to give"), Lithuanian dagà ("heat of the Sun, harvest"), Old Prussian dagis ("summer") 🖐️☀️

Circassian гуапэ (g°āpă; 😻 "good, pleasant, hot, cordial, guapo"), Abkhaz агәаҧхара (āg°āpxārā, "to like, wish, love") → Greek αγαπάω (agapáo; "love").

Circassian гу (g°), Abkhaz агәы (ā-g°ə́; heart), агәара (ā-g°ār-ā; fence, safe place for goods, mountainous KARTli→Georgia), Greek καρδιά (kardiá;💟), αγορά (agorá; CENTRE of public life, marketplace), Russian гора (gorа; mountain), Mingrel გური (guri;💟, stuffing). CORE, PILE🗻

Circassian уэс/ос/осы (wăs/ves/ues/os/osy; "snow, снег"). cf. Finnish vesi, Irish uisce, German Wasser, Wymysorys woser ("water, вода"). ❄️💦

Circassian уэшх/ощхы (wăšh/oš̍hy; "rain"). cf. English wash, German waschen etc. 🌧️🚿

Circassian уэрэд/орэд (wărăd/wrd/orăd/ord; song), English word, Old Norse orð, Latvian vārds (name, word), Hittite weriya- (to call, name)🗣️

Circassian псалъэ (psāłă; "word"), псэлъэн (psăłăn; "to talk"). Compare Greek ψάλλω (psállo; "to sing, make a sound by vibrating") etc. 🔊

Greek ψάλλω (psállo; to sing) → ψαλμός (psalmós; psalm, sacred song), Russian псалом (psalom). See also Kashub Psôle/Psalmë, Polish Psale.

Circassian мыл/мылы (məl; ice, лёд). 🥶 cf. English melt (таять) from *(s)mel- (молоть, to crush, grind, dwindle > малый/small etc.), *mel- (delicate, weak, brittle), mellow, mill… More than "M"ostratic. ⚗️

Circassian джэгу and гьэгу (ǯ̍ăg°, ɡ’ăg°; play, game, Jegu 🕺🃏), English joke, Spanish jugar (to play), Latin iocus (pastime, amusement) GAG 😜

Circassian Псэун (pseun; "to live"), Псэу (pseu; "alive"), Псэ (pse; "soul, psyche"), Псэущхьэ/-шъхь (pseuščhʹe/-šhʹ; "animal"). cf. Ψυχή...

Circassian Псэрыдж (pseryj; "study of the soul, psychology"), Псэущхьэ (pseuščhʹeʹ; "animal"). See also Ancient Greek Ψυχή (psukhḗ; "soul").

Circassian щӀэн/шӀэн/щкъэн (ščen/š[kʺ]en; to know, make), хьын (hʹyn; to carry, take), щхьэ/шъхьэ (ščhʹe/šʺhʹe; head, lit. take knowledge) 🧠

Circassian щӀэн/шӀэн etc. (ščen/š[kʺ]en; to know, make), щӀэныгъэ/шӀэныгъ (š[č]enygʺ[e]; knowledge, SCIENCE!), Latin sciō (I know, make) 👨‍🔬

Circassian Лъагагъ (Lʺagagʺ; "height"), Лъагэ (Lʺage; "high"). Gothic 𐌻𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌴𐌹 (Laggei; "length"), German Lang ("long, high, lofty, tall"). 🦒

Circassian Лъапӏэ (dear, sweet, beloved, valuable, expensive, high, holy, honorary), Lithuanian Liaupsė (praise), MHG Liep (dear) etc. 💎🙏💛

Circassian Лъэтэн (Lʺeten; to fly, jump up). cf. Russian Летать (Letatʹ; to fly), Lithuanian Lė̃kti (to fly), Latvian Lèkt (to jump) etc.

Migratory [bird]: Circassian Лъэтэж (Lʺetež), Russian Перелётный (Perelëtnyj). 🐦💨 + Circassian Лъэтэныгъэ etc. (Lʺetenygʺe; "flight") 🛫

Circassian Лъ(а/э)гъун (Łāġ°n; to see), Germanic *lōgijaną (to see), mid-English Loken (to look), Scots Leuk (to look), Breton Lagad (eye) 👀

Circassian бдзы/пцы (bdzy/ptsy; bit🔩), дзэ/цэ (dze/tse; tooth😬), Old High German biz (bite), Ger. Beize (morDant), Zahn (😬), Danish bid (😬).

🏡 хадэ/хатэ (hade/hate; garden/Garten, Ha[u]ge), хадзэ (hadze; entrance, introductory, inset, hedge), хасэ (hase; assembly, meeting, Haus).

Circassian бдзэ/пцэ (bdze[žʹej]/ptse[žʺyj]; fish), Latin piscis, Italian pesce, Greek ψάρι (psári), Welsh pysgod (🐠), pryd/bwyd (food) etc.

Circassian Гуапэ (Guape; "good, pleasent, affectionate, hot, warm, cordial"). False cognate with Spanish Guapo ("good-looking, handsome")? 🤵

Circassian сэ (se; I, self, knife), шъэжъый etc. (šʺežʺyj; 🔪). cf. English sew, NFris sei, Swedish sy, Polish szyć, Bulgarian шия (šija) etc

Circassian сэ (se; I, self, knife), ежь/езы (ežʹ/ezy; self, alone). cf. Slavic *sę, *samъ, *(j)azъ, Balto-Slavic *eź etc.

Self: Latin se, sese, ipse, Estonian ise, Finnish itse, Bulgarian се, Circassian сэ etc. See also só, solo, seul, suis, soi...

Circassian хэт, сыт, сыд, шъыд (het, syt, syd, šʺyd), Bel/Rus хто, кто, что, што (hto, kto, čto, što), OFris hwet etc.

Дыгъэ (Dygʺe; "sun, light, heat"), Тыгъэ (Tygʺe; "gift, sun"), Гъэ (Gʺe; "year, annual, summer"). cf. Old English Ġēr (“year”) etc.

Ġēr is also the Anglo-Saxon name of the Runic letter "ᛄ", which is associated with the year or the harvest. 🌞

Moreover, according to Kroonen 2013, *r is not part of Ġēr/Ġēar's root. *yeh₁- rather than *yeh₁r-.

Circassian Дыгъэ/Тыгъэ ("sun") is probably not related to English Day, Kartvelian *deɣ-, German Tag, Gothic 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐍃 (dags) etc.

Day is related to Old Irish Daig (gen. Dage; "fire, pain"), Lithuanian Dagà ("heat of the sun, harvest"), Old Prussian Dagis ("summer") etc.

Surely, Circassian: Мазэ 🌕 (maze; moon, month), Псы (psy; water), Уашъо/Уафэ (uašʺo/uafe; sky), Дыгъэ/Тыгъэ (dygʺe/tygʺe; sun), Гъэ (gʺe; year).

Circassian Шъ/Щхьэ (šʺ/ŝhʹe; "top, roof, cephalic, head"), ПаIо/ПыIэ (pao/pye; "hat, cap, covering, pile"). 💂‍♀️🧢 #Caput #Chapeau (sha-poh).

Circassian Тет (chief, head), Те- (on), Тесын (tesyn; to sit on sth), ТӀысын (tysyn; to sit down). French Tête (head, leader), Italian Testa.

Circassian: Хуэхуэлей (Huehuelej; Ukraine), Урысей (Urysej; Russia), Урысыху (Urysyhu; Belarus), Лахь жылэ/Полшэ (Lahʹ žyle/Polše; Poland).

In the Circassian language, Moscow is called "Мэзкуу" (tr. mezkuu; "deep woods, deep forest"). Мэзкуу = мэз ("forest, wood") + куу ("deep").

The Kuban River is called Псыжь (psyžʹ; "old river") in Circassian. Псы ("water, river"). cf. Psizha River (Река Псижа) in Novgorod Oblast. 🐟

Circassian Псы (psy; river), Псыжь (psyžʹ; old river). cf. Psizha River in Novgorod, Pissa River in Kaliningrad, Pisa River in Poland etc. 💧

Circassian Дэлъху (delʺhu; "brother"), Дэлъхьэн (delʺhʹen, "to put in"). cf. Greek Αδελφός (adelfós; "brother"), Δελφύς (delphús; "womb"). 🐬

+ Psël River in Ukraine and Russia.

Pskov, by the river of the same name, is a city and an oblast in Russia:

https://ru.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8

It has been suggested that ++

++ Pskov is likely to be derived from the Circassian word псыкуу. Псыкуу (psək°w; "deep river") = псы ("water, river") + куу ("deep"). 🏞️

It may be naïve to associate the female name Tatiana with Titus Tatius. At least for the Slavic and Circassian versions of that...

Mother rather than aunt... Similar to the Circassian female name Тэтянэ/Татьянэ: т-/ти-/ди/тэ-/тэтый (our) + ӏанэ/анэ (mother, table, soil).

Speaking of Earth Mother, compare Circassian Ӏанэ/Анэ with Latin Anus (old woman), Turkic *ana (mother), Old Prussian Ane (grandmother) etc.

Linguist Huratov argues large numbers of Circassian words have been borrowed into other languages of Europe where Circassians are indigenous:

https://adigea.aif.ru/culture/details/49045

(1) Circassian Къуапэ (angle, extremity, end...), English Cape, Norwegian Kapp, Dutch Kaap... cf. Dutch and German Kappen (to cut down)...

(2) Circassian Яжьэ (ash). cf. Middle English and German Asche, West Frisian Jiske, Luxembourgish Äsch, Gothic 𐌰𐌶𐌲𐍉 (azgō) etc.

Фэ (fe) means skin in Circassian. cf. Germanic *fellam, *fellą, Latin Pellis, French Peau, Spanish Piel, cognate with English Pelt, Film etc...

Circassian Зао/Зауэ (war), Зауэ-банэ (warfare, fight). cf. Proto-Slavic *zъlъ, Serbo-Croatian Зао/Zao (bad, evil, malevolent, wicked). ☠️

Еуэн means to hit, yes, and to fight with each other is зэзэуэн. The first зэ- is the verbal prefix. ++

SBC Zao (ill-disposed) is from PIE *ǵʰwel- (to deceive, bend, persecute), also related to *weyh₁- (to chase, hunt) and *bʰey- (to hit, bane).

*weyh₁- > *woyh₁ (to hit, hunt) > Proto-Slavic *vojь (warrior) > Russian война (war) etc

Circassian 🍀 Банэ/Панэ means both thorn/spine/prickle and fight (Зауэ-банэ). Old English 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 Bān (bone of a limb), cognate with Bane (destruction). ☠️

90 (20 × 4 + 10) in Circassian: ТокӀиплӀырэ пшӀырэ (Tokiplyrè pšyrè), ТӀощӀиплӀыэ пщӀырэ (Toščiplyè pščyrè, old system), or бгъущӀ (bgʺušč).

90 (20 × 4 + 10) in Scottish 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 Gaelic: Ceithir fichead 's a deich, Deich is ceithir fichead, Naochad, Naogad, or Naoidhead (new system).

Basque: Laurogeita hamar, Breton: Dek ha pevar-ugent, French: Quatre-vingt-dix, Welsh: Deg ar pedwar ugain (or "Naw deg") – 90 (20 × 4 + 10).

Native name of Sukhumi or Dioscurias (capital of Apsny) is Аҟәа (ɑqʼʷɑ), an old word for water in Abkhaz. cf. Gothic 🇩🇪 𐌰𐍈𐌰 (aƕa), Latin Aqua..

BRIDE: Circassian Нысэ (Nysè), Albanian Nusja, Basque Neska (GIRL), Greek Νύφη (Nyphē), Russian Невеста (Nevesta), Scots Gælic Nighean-cèile.

Again about moon. Circassian Мазэ (mazè), English Moon/Month, Ibero-R Mes, Italian Mese, Polish Miesiąc, Russian Месяц (mesyats), Slovenian Mesec, Welsh Mis..

Circassian Къэщэн (Kʺèščèn, qăš̍ăn, kashchan) (to marry a woman, lover), cf. Polish Kochane (lovely), Kochany (dear), Kochanieńki (sweat). 👻

Circassian Пый/Бый (enemy, foe), cf. Proto-IE *peik/k̑- (to be hostile, hate), Latin Piget (annoying), Lithuanian Pìktas (evil), etc...

Circassian ХьэщӀэ/ХьакӀэ (guest), ГъэщӀэгъуэн/Гъэшӏэгъоны (strange); Old English Ġiest (g., stranger, host), Geelþéodgian (to make strange)...

WELL, YES: Ну ды (Belarusian), Ну да (Russian, Ukrainian), НытӀэ (Circassian), No tak (Polish), Na taip (Lithuanian), Nu jā (Latvian), Nå ja.

YES in Circassian НытӀэ (Da/Nta/Nytè/Noda/Nyda), Welsh Yn dda (well), Slavic Да (Da) No Так (Tak) Ну (Ni), Greek Ναι (Ne), Finnish No (well).

Ары = yes| хьау = no

Not КӀах Адыгэбзэ (KӀakh-Adygèbzè; Lowland Circassian). "НытӀэ" is Къэбэрдей Адыгэбзэ (Kʺèbèrdèj Adygèbzè; Highland Circassian).

Макъ(э)+Ӏей/Ӏай (makʺʔèj) means bad voice in Circassian. cf. English Mock, M. Dutch Mocken (to mumble), Proto-Germanic Mukkijaną (to bellow).

Again, "Тхьэ/Тхьа" (Tkh'è, Tkh'a, Tha, Thar) means God in Circassian and predates Christianity. cf. Greek "θεός" (Theós) or Old Norse "Þórr" (Thor).

Circassian дахэ (dāxă; "beautiful"), дэгъу[э] (dăġ°[ă]; "good, excellent, fig. fresh, brave"), гуапэ (g°āpă; 😻 "good, pleasant, hot, cordial, guapo") ⋰Ẍ⋱ Old Irish deg, dag ("good, excellent") → The Dagda (🌄 "Good God").

Circassian дэи, дэй, дэйы (dăi, dăj, dăjə; "bad"), дагъуэ (dāġ°ă; "defect") 🧙‍♀️

Circassian гуапэ (g°āpă; 😻 "good, pleasant, hot, cordial, guapo"), Abkhaz агәаҧхара (āg°āpxārā, "to like, wish, love") → Greek αγαπάω (agapáo; "love").

Circassian гу (g°), Abkhaz агәы (ā-g°ə́; heart), агәара (ā-g°ār-ā; fence, safe place for goods, mountainous KARTli→Georgia), Greek καρδιά (kardiá;💟), αγορά (agorá; CENTRE of public life, marketplace), Russian гора (gorа; mountain), Mingrel გური (guri;💟, stuffing). CORE, PILE. 🗻

Goedendag! Circassian дыгъэ, тыгъэ (dəġă, təġă; "the Sun, gift"), гъэ (ġă; "year"), гъуэ (ġ°ă; "time, light red") 🐷 Old English ġēr ("year"), Swedish ge ("to give"), Lithuanian dagà ("heat of the Sun, harvest"), Old Prussian dagis ("summer"). 🖐️☀️

In Circassian, "Хасэ" (Khasè) means assembly, council, and parliament. Compare it with the words "House", "Haus" (proto-Germanic *hūsą), etc...

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#Адыгэбзэ

#CircassianLanguage 🍀

#NorthCaucasus 🍀

#Circassia 🍀

Circassian 🍀 Бжьэ (Bžʹe; "bee, bowl, horn, hornet"), Ukrainian 🇺🇦 Бджола (Bdžola), Russian 🇷🇺 Пчела (Pčela), Old Irish 🇮🇪 Bech, Lithuanian 🇱🇹 Bitė etc. 🐝🥃

Etymology = History. In the Circassian 🍀 language, бжьэ (bžʹe) = bee, hornet, horn, drinking horn, bowl, glass, tube, flute [glass], slender..

With love from the Most Fashionable Circassia, [t͡ʃʼaːɡʷa]/[t͡ʃʼaːkʷa] Circassian кӏэ (č̣̍ă; "tail"), кӏагуэ/кӏако (č̣̍āg°ă/č̣̍āko; "short, short-tailed, short padded coat, smock, suit"), e.g. кӏагуэ дыта (č̣̍āg°ă dətă; "quilted vest")

[t͡saːkʷa] цы (cə; wool, hair, featherdown) + [и]куэ[н]/[и]ко[н] ([to] stuff, cram, fill) → цакуэ (cāk°ă/cāko; light padded coat) < lit. "wool-stuffed" цы + -ей (that belongs to) → цей/цый (homespun cloth, Cherkeska) < lit.

"of or pertaining to wool or woolen cloth"

cf. Italian 🇮🇹 giacca (jacket, coat), French 🇫🇷⚜️ jaque (gambison), German 🇩🇪 Jacke (jacket), Norwegian 🇳🇴 jakke, Latvian 🇱🇻 jaka (jersey, blazer), jacket (from the French 🇫🇷⚜️ diminutive form), of unknown origin… Unless you know the good old Circassian.

Sacque, also of uncertain origin, is one of the most confused words because of the different senses of "sack". German 🇩🇪 Sakko (sportcoat), Romanian 🇷🇴 sacou, Czech 🇨🇿 sako, Macedonian 🇲🇰 сако (sako), Serbian 🇷🇸 сако, Croatian 🇭🇷 sako.

The Circassian 🍀 word щхьэнтэ (/ɕħanta/; pillow, подушка), from щхьэ (head, голова) + -н + -тэ (place to lay one's head, место для головы), has been borrowed into many languages, including Ottoman 🇹🇷 as /t͡ʃanta/ (bag). cf. Old English 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿🇬🇧 codd (bag, сумка), Scots 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿🇬🇧 codd (pillow, подушка).

Albanian çantë 🇦🇱

Arabic شَنْطة (šanṭa) 🇸🇦

Armenian չանթա 🇦🇲

Aromanian čantă

Azerbaijani T çanta 🇦🇿

Bulgarian чанта 🇧🇬

Chagatai T جونتاى

Crimean T çanta

Gagauz T çanta

Georgian ჩანთა 🇬🇪

Greek τσάντα 🇬🇷

Ladino chanta

Macedonian чанта 🇲🇰

Persian چنته 🇮🇷

Romanian geantă 🇷🇴

Serbian чанта 🇷🇸

Turkish çanta 🇹🇷

etc.

The Circassian 🍀 word щӏакӏэ ("chaff, мякина", borrowed into Ottoman 🇹🇷 as şaka "поддразнивание"), from щӏэн ("to do, cultivate, уметь что-л. делать, возделывать, выращивать"), щӏа ("произведенный, сделанный"), кӏэ ("tail, хвост[ы]"). Tailing

cf. English 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿🇬🇧 chaff (мякина, поддразнивание).

Ottoman Turkish 🇹🇷 شاقا, Chagatai شقّه, Ladino shaka, Albanian 🇦🇱 shaka, Gagauz şaka, Turkish şaka, Crimean Tatar şaqa or шакъа ("joke")…

I reveal, for the first time, that they come from the Circassian 🍀 word щӏакӏэ /ɕʼaːkʲʼa/ "chaff".

In the Circassian 🍀 language, щӏакӏэ ("chaff") / шӏакӏэ ("unwanted plants, сорняк"),

щӏанэ / шӏанэ ("seedlings"), щӏэгъуэ / шӏэгъу ("time to do business, sow, plant, время делать, сеять, сажать"), щӏэн / шӏэн ("to do, cultivate, grow sth"), кӏэ ("tail, end, excess, unwanted part")

Compare English 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿🇬🇧 chaff ("the husks of a grain-producing plant, anything worthless, rubbish, light-hearted joking, teasing"), tailing ("the lighter parts of grain separated from the seed by winnowing or threshing"), tail grain etc.

Most likely, the word hair in the Turkish 🇹🇷 language is also borrowed from the Circassian language, which is sha-tz and in Turkish 🇹🇷 its saç...

Another word Hat in Turkish 🇹🇷 is şapka which is borrowed from Russian 🇷🇺 and most possibly be again originated by the word "Sha" in our Circassian language.

Circassian сыр/стыр (sər/stər; "scalding, burning, hot, bitter"), сын/стын (sən/stən; "to burn"). Compare Ancient Greek 🇬🇷 Σείριος (Seírios; "Sirius"), believed to mean "scorching" or "burning" 🆚 Welsh 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿 sêr ("stars"), Tocharian A śre ("star")…, from a PIE (Proto-Indo-European) word meaning "to burn". ✴️

Circassian сыр (syr; spicy, searing) Ru. сыр (cheese) OPr. suris (#sour milk cheese) Lv. sūrs (bitter) Lt. sūrus (salty) La. serum (whey)...

Another word in Circassian could be "Къуае".

Indeed, the word "whey" (of uncertain origin) might come from the Circassian language. Scots 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 quhey, Old Dutch 🇳🇱 *hwei, Proto-Germanic 🇩🇪 *hwają..

cf. 🧀 in various forms of the Adyghe language: Old Adyghe кхъуайэ, Kabardian Adyghe кхъуей, Temirgoy Adyghe къуае, Shapsug Adyghe хъуае etc.

A Circassian word "Теувэн" (tewvăn; stand still on, stand on, stay on top of, place in horizontal position, step, stop on sth, ascend the throne, set foot, set off, tread, enter), те- (on the surface of sth), иувэн, увын (to stop, stand up, establish, consolidate, assert) ⏸️👢🛳️🏋️‍♂️🏬🦟💹

Circassian Ху/Хужь/фыжьы (hu/hw/hužʹ/fyžʹy; "white"), Gothic 🇩🇪 𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 (ƕeits), Old Gutnish Huit, OE Hwīt, Scots 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿 Fyte, Wymysorys Wȧjs, OHG Wīz.

Circassian блэн (to shine, blaze, knit, braid). Russian 🇷🇺 блеск (shine, blaze), белый/бледный (white). Braid (from *bʰrēǵ- "to shine") 🎆👱‍♀️🔀💡

Circassian зылэн (zəlăn; to paint, colour, makeup, beautify, красить) and Proto-Slavic *zelenъ (green, зелёный) 🌱👨‍🎨☘️

In Circassian 🍀 Кӏо/Кӏуэ (go), Кӏон/Кӏуэн (to go). cf. Old English 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿🇬🇧 Gān, German 🇩🇪 Gehen, Middle High German 🇩🇪 Kēn/Gēn, Swedish 🇸🇪 and Danish 🇩🇰 Gå etc. 👋

Circassian АДРЭ (ādră; OTHER), АДРЭЙ (ādrăj), determiner а (ā) > адэ (ādă; there) + attributive suffix -рэ (-ră), that other (of two), of that place, АДРЭР (ādrăr), АДРЭРИ (ādrări)… Old Norse AÐR- (AÐRA, AÐRAR…), Faroese f dat sg AÐRARI, Spanish f OTRA, French AUTRE (Infection).

Circassian тӏу (ṭw; "two"), етӏ[у]анэ (e-ṭ[w]ānă; "e dan, and t[wo]hen, second"), япэ (jāpă), апэ (ā-pă; "at first, in front") < пэ (pe; "fore, tip") > пае (pāe; "for"), япэрэ ([j]āpără; "first"), япэр[э/а]у[э] ([j]āpăr(ă/ā)w[ă]; "first[ly]"), Russian первый (perv-yj; "1st").

🖐️ Circassian ӏэпэхъ (ʾăpăχ; "openwork") < ӏэ (ʾă; "arm"), ӏэпэ (ʾăpă; "paw, hand", lit. "arm's tip"), -хъ (-χ; "knit, weave"). cf. opaque ("allowing little light to pass through").

Openwork https://x.com/MerriamWebster / https://linktr.ee/MerriamWebster: "work constructed so as to show openings through its substance" 🧙‍♂️🧶

🕸️🕷️ handiwork, craft, openwork, filigree, carving, lace, tight-knit, net; mandala, rose window, tracery, stained glass, veil, frosted; dim-lit, shaded, not transparent, shady, obscure, unclear, hard to get or explain the meaning of #ӏэпэхъ > #opācus 🖐️✋ #HolyMantle

Overall, the Circassian language that amazingly has connections to all languages & language families on earth 🌎🌍🌏 is still the most challenging/difficult language to learn and still is to be the most mysterious. It is still today classed as an isolated language.

#Адыгэбзэ

#CircassianLanguage 🍀

#NorthCaucasus 🍀

#Circassia 🍀