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Phillis Wheatley, an extraordinary figure in American history, was the first African American poet to achieve international recognition. Born in West Africa and enslaved in Boston, Massachusetts, Wheatley's literary achievements sparked debates about her political allegiance during the Revolutionary War. In this article, we will explore whether Phillis Wheatley was a patriot or a loyalist, shedding light on her life and the complexities surrounding her allegiances..

The Life of Phillis Wheatley

Early Years and Education

Phillis Wheatley was brought to Boston as enslaved in 1761 at seven or eight. Despite being enslaved, she displayed remarkable intellectual capabilities and quickly gained attention for her aptitude in literature. Wheatley received an education from the Wheatley family, who recognized her talent and provided her with opportunities for intellectual growth.

Literary Achievements

Wheatley's talent as a poet blossomed, and her work gained recognition in America and abroad. In 1773, she published her first poetry collection, "Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral," which brought her acclaim and established her as a significant literary figure. Her poetry often addressed themes of freedom, equality, and Christian faith.

The Allegiance Question

The Revolutionary Context

The Revolutionary War, which began in 1775, divided American society between those who supported independence from British rule (patriots) and those who remained loyal to the British Crown (loyalists). Given Wheatley's prominence and her interactions with influential figures, questions arose regarding her political leanings during this turbulent period.

Expressions of Patriotism

Phillis Wheatley's poetry often expressed sentiments aligned with the cause of American independence. Her works celebrated the ideals of liberty, justice, and the natural rights of humanity. She dedicated poems to George Washington and praised other prominent figures in the revolutionary movement. These expressions of patriotism led many to view Wheatley as a supporter of the Patriot cause.

Challenges and Contradictions

Despite her expressions of patriotism, Wheatley faced challenges in asserting her freedom. After her master's death in 1778, she experienced financial difficulties and could not gain her own freedom due to legal complexities. This led some to question whether her expressions of patriotism were genuine or a strategic effort to protect herself and her reputation.

Relationships with Loyalists

It is worth noting that Wheatley maintained connections with loyalists during the Revolutionary War. Her poems dedicated to loyalist figures, such as General Thomas Gage, raised suspicions among some patriot supporters. However, these connections could be attributed to the social and literary circles in which Wheatley operated rather than indicating her political allegiance.

Conclusion

Whether Phillis Wheatley was a patriot or a loyalist is complex and does not lend itself to a definitive answer. While her poetry demonstrated patriotic sentiments and aligned with the ideals of the American Revolution, the challenges she faced as an enslaved individual and her associations with loyalist figures complicate the narrative. It is crucial to consider the nuances of Wheatley's life and the historical context in which she lived.

Phillis Wheatley's contribution to American literature and her role as a pioneering African American poet cannot be understated. Her works continue to inspire and shed light on the struggles and aspirations of marginalized communities during a tumultuous period in American history.