#ci-cd

The SymJack attack abuses symlinked repositories to trick AI coding agents into executing malicious configuration changes, leading to remote code execution and credential exposure. Multiple AI development tools and CI/CD environments are impacted through trusted workflow abuse.

Source: Adversa AI

A rapid-fire supply chain attack injected malicious GitHub Actions workflows into thousands of repositories, silently stealing CI secrets, cloud credentials, and SSH keys.

Source: SafeDep

A supply chain attack infecting lightning and intercom-client packages is stealing credentials and propagating across CI/CD systems, already exposing data from over 1,800 repositories.

Source: OX Security

Attackers compromised the Trivy security scanner and Axios library, injecting credential-stealing malware into CI/CD pipelines and package distributions affecting thousands of organisations. The campaigns enabled theft of SSH keys, cloud credentials, and signing secrets through poisoned GitHub Actions workflows and trojanised dependencies.

Source: The Register

A poisoned axios package update was automatically merged by Dependabot and Renovate into hundreds of repositories, pushing malicious code into production without human review.

Source: GitGuardian

A Complete Guide To End-To-End Testing With Keploy

Suppose you were to roll out a release that works perfectly well until the payment fail point. Even though they cause the most disruption, unit and integration tests are occasionally incapable of detecting these issues. End-to-end (E2E) testing in software testing prevents this by confirming entire user journeys and ensuring all its components work together.

This post discusses E2E testing's definition, role, issues it addresses, industry conventions, and how tools such as Keploy simplify the process on a massive scale. We shall also cover end-to-end testing best practices in order to implement sturdy testing procedures.

What is end-to-end testing (E2E)?

End-to-end (E2E) testing is what we do to ensure that an application performs as a real user would interact with it. Unlike other types of testing, we do not test parts in isolation; instead, we examine the full end-to-end flow, which includes multiple systems. This approach is crucial for end-to-end testing in software testing and helps identify issues that might be missed otherwise.

For instance, in an e-commerce app, the user journey may go like this:

E2E testing is what puts all those steps together in perfect harmony as a team instead of by themselves. While unit tests report that “login works” or “payments go through,” we do end-to-end testing in software testing to see that the full process gives the user what they expect. We guarantee a smooth and dependable user experience by adhering to end-to-end testing best practices.

Why is End-to-End Testing Important?

So why is End-to-End testing a priority? We focus on what the user wants: a smooth journey with no issues. Users care about a responsive login, an easy-to-use shopping cart, and a payment process that works without problems, not just that each part of the system passed a unit test.

End-to-end testing in software testing ensures that the whole process comes together smoothly. It guarantees that different elements, front end, back end, APIs, databases, and third-party services—all work well together to provide a solid, functioning system. By incorporating end-to-end testing best practices, we can further enhance the reliability and efficiency of the testing process.This is what is important to us as it:

Delivers a seamless user experience: End to end testing which is what we do to make sure the app performs exactly as the real user expects it to at every step of the interaction. We test that forms submit properly, buttons perform their functions as expected, and that the navigation between pages is seamless which in turn leaves the user with a positive and confident experience each time they use your product.

Finds integration issues early: Many of the problems which present themselves to the user are at the points of integration between different elements of the system for instance when APIs talk to databases or we interface with third party services. By catching these out in testing we avoid issues from making it to production which in turn saves us from large scale reworks.

Reduces the risk of costly downtime: Checkouts not working properly or not receiving confirmation pages impact a user’s overall journey negatively. E2E testing increases the reliability and availability of your app protecting your business revenues and reputation.

Builds confidence before launch: The development teams can launch new features sooner and stress-free if they are sure comprehensive E2E tests encompass significant workflows. This safety cushion encourages innovation without stability trade-offs by limiting rollbacks and easier launches.

Protects your business reputation: Your client trust or loyalty could be impaired by a malfunction or error. E2E testing minimizes customer churn, aids in detecting problems that could hurt your brand, and in the long run, protects the brand-building market reputation earned by your business.

Key Components of End-to-End Testing

In order for end-to-end testing during software testing to give real value, you require the appropriate building blocks in position. Visualize it as preparing the stage for a play, in which the actors (test cases), prop (data), and environment (browsers, APIs, databases) all need to be in position in order for the story (user journey) to move along well. Adherence to end-to-end testing best practices guarantees that the testing activity is effective and efficient, and a seamless user experience ensues.

Here are the core components:

Test Environment Setup

Mimics the environment of the real world, including browsers, gadgets, databases, and APIs.

Should be very similar to production in order to prevent "it worked on my machine" problems.

Example: Verifying cross-browser compatibility by running tests in Chrome, Firefox, and Safari.ility.

Data Management

Decides how to handle input and output data while testing.

Can use production-like datasets for realism or mock data for controlled tests.

For instance, Keploy ensures realistic yet maintainable test data by automatically creating test cases and mocks from actual API calls.

Test Scenarios

Discuss UI activity, interactions with APIs, database interactions, and functional flows (paying, login).

Guarantees validation occurs on all stack levels.

Validation & Reporting

Verify results against results that were predicted.

Failures ought also be prominently highlighted in reportage in order that teams respond in a timely fashion.

For instance, CI/CD pipelines that incorporate test reports to provide immediate release confidence.

Best Practices for E2E Testing with Keploy

Automatically Creating Mocks:

Keploy record --command "<start-app>" is the command.

You can practice the signup, browse, and checkout workflows in your app. Each API request and response is tracked by Keploy and saved as a mock definition.

Advantage: Anytime your services change, you can re-record the mock instead of manually creating, or updating, a mock script.

Give Real User Journeys Priority:

For impactful workflows, Keploy also captures the exact sequence of API calls.

This allows you to obtain test cases for the actual paths your customers follow without needing to guess about which endpoints are most important.

Keep Test Data Realistic:

Payloads contain real-world values and edge-case scenarios (expired tokens, inventory shortage) because mocks are based upon real-time production traffic.

Rigid fixtures are avoided, and test data is refreshened with real-world usage.

Smooth Integration of CI/CD:

Use keploy test --command "<run-tests>" in Jenkins, GitLab CI, or GitHub Actions to add a continuous integration step.

Keploy eliminates regressions before deployment since it starts your app in mock-mode and replays the recorded traffic, failing fast on any divergence on each commit.

Change Detection Driven by AI:

Mocks for schema or response changes were captured through Keploy's integrated diff engineer scans.

As APIs develop, your test suite will auto-adjust by identifying changed endpoints and suggest when to update.

Retain Your Suite Self-healing and lean:

Keploy avoids unnecessary testing if it has recorded user interactions and will only replay those.

Keploy's recordings are updated automatically when your application adds or removes endpoints thus cutting down on manual maintenance while ensuring your suite is trustworthy and speedy.

Performance Optimization in E2E Testing

When it comes to ensuring an efficient end-to-end testing in software, clearly we need to focus on speed but do not want to compromise on coverage. Here's how Keploy helps to achieve this:

Parallel Testing: Even though it is much quicker to use workers instead of a single agent, you can still get large gains in test completion times by splitting your tests over multiple agents or containers instead of completed sequentially. By letting multiple parallel workers share Keploy's recorded mocks, you prevent unwanted calls to slow external services and every node will behave the same way.

Test Data Reuse: We lose valuable seconds logging in with a different user or rebuilding our database before each test. If you cache common set up between tests, such as a seeded product catalog, or even a valid session token then you can replay those common steps across tests. Instead of recreating the same state, you can instantly replay the mock data of a user flow using Keploy.

Selective Testing: Even though full-suite overnight runs are a must, when you push code, you really only need fast feedback for areas most at risk of introducing a regression (ex. login, checkout, and payments) so run those flows first and tag them. Keploy straightens this process by automatically discovering which sequences of APIs are used in the core workflows so that you can easily select only the tests that matter with every commit.

Using Keploy's traffic-based mocks, parallel execution, intelligent data caching, and intelligent test selection, it is possible to harness end-to-end testing and get fast and accurate software testing feedback that scales with your team.

Test Maintenance and Updates

Keeping up an E2E suite often feels like running after a moving target since user interfaces are changed, work flows are added, and APIs are updated over time. As your app matures, Keploy self-updates test cases by virtue of end-to-end software testing. You'll never need to handle busted scripts again with its diff engine, which monitors recordings of mocks, identifies changed or removed endpoints, and recreates only impacted tests.

Every time you deploy a brand-new feature, such as a social login, a referral scheme, or a new checkout workflow, simply run a new Keploy recording on that user path. New mocks and test cases immediately mirror your newest logic, so every new workflow is accounted for. Furthermore, Keploy gets rid of stale mocks from retired APIs, leaving your suite tidy, pertinent, and streamlined.

Embedding Security Checks into E2E Flows

Functional correctness is not the only consideration, security is also a consideration and with end-to-end testing in your software testing's toolbox you can verify that critical paths can stand up to real-world attacks by pairing Keploy's recorded flows with security scanners like OWASP ZAP or Burp Suite. With security scanners such as ZAP or Burp, you can also play the particular calls your users make to replay your login, signup, and payment API paths and play in malicious payloads in the actual fields, like oversized fields, SQL injection strings, expired tokens, etc.

Keploy's realistic mocks verifies that you are testing using realistic conditions and confirms that your backend properly logs incidents and blocks threats. In the event that you find a secure coding problem, you can re-record the flow to keep your security tests updated.

Challenges of End-to-End Testing

Even the best of the E2E software testing suites have pitfalls. Here are three common pipeline pitfall and some simple, practical solutions.

Managing Tests:

That Are Flaky Tests that sometimes pass, and sometimes fail, can compromise confidence.

Apply per-step timeouts and intelligent retries to avoid temporary issues - such as a slow API response - to not raise the red flag right away for your build.

Stub out unreliable external services. Freely, Keploy protects your tests from third-party delays or outages by capturing the actual API traffic and replaying the traffic as mocks.

To eliminate issues of "it worked on my machine" flakiness and cause by leftover state, run in new isolated environments (e.g. containers or ephemeral test clusters).

Handling Test Data:

Creating and maintaining realistic test data manually is time-consuming but a necessary task.

Keep your test datasets separate for edge cases vs happy paths: one for regular flows and one for error cases, such as an item being out of stock or using an expired credit card.

Programmatically create users, orders, and products on demand using factories or fixtures, and remove or reset them after each run.

Leverage the recorded traffic from Keploy to get production-quality payloads and edge-case values automatically without writing any fixtures.

Automating Tests in Complex Systems:

Having dependencies on message queues, third-party APIs, and microservices means never doing end-to-end checks.

Split your testing across lean E2E tests for only important multi-service journeys and focused API or contract tests for singular services.

To shorten feedback loops, stub the external dependencies early in your development and continuous integration workflows.

Use container and orchestrating tools (Kubernetes, Docker Compose) to orchestrate only spinning up the needed components.

Keploy's proxy simplifies orchestration by recording real inter-service traffic one time and then always replaying those exchanges as mocks. You can continue to do full E2E validations without having to reset the whole ecosystem with every run.

Steps for End-to-End Testing

End-to-end testing of software is typically a structured process. The basic steps are:

Requirement Analysis: Understand the complete user journey and system expectations. Document the whole user experience while documenting the expected behaviour of the system. Then identify the functional business processes, (ie payment, checkout, login) as well as the success criteria. This way testing will align back to real world expectations.

Test Planning: Agree to the tasks, timelines, tools, approach to testing and scope. Specify which tests are automated or manual, and assign a level of risk and business impact to them.

Test Case Design: Create scenarios that are representative of real user workflows. Discuss edge cases, (ie successful checkout vs payment failure) as well as a range of positive and negative scenarios. Create test case that will be easy to maintain and reuse again.

Environment Setup: Create the test environment accordingly, accounting for third party services, databases, browsers/APIs, and configurations. Ensure the test environment is as close to production as possible, so the results are accurate.

Test Execution: Execute the automated or manual test cases, make note of the real results. Monitor for issues, compare results to expected behaviour, and record defects to be fixed.

Reporting & Feedback: Pull the results together into short, meaningful reports. Exchange ideas with developers, QA, and stakeholders to identify enhancements for the application and possibly future testing approaches.

Test Reporting & Monitoring

Through Keploy's easy monitoring and reporting, it is easier to take non-ran test results and turn them into actionable insights.

Monitor Unreliable Tests Over Time: With software testing, you can track test results over time when using end to end testing to determine if any patterns emerge. You can use the payment test example to know that, it's just a test problem and not a problem within your code if a payment test is failing. Use Keploy’s proprietary reports and dashboards within your continuous integration tool to find tests improving failures over time. After identifying the underlying issue, you can introduce retries, increase timeouts, or update mocks to see if the ambiguous score improves across future runs.

Include Notifications and Alerts: Immediate visibility keeps teams engaged. Integrate Keploy's test reports into Slack channels or email alerts to let everyone know of failures in real-time. For example, when you are utilizing end-to-end testing within software testing, you can also include metrics like response times, failure rates, and alert on key methods like "checkout" or "user signup." The solution allows developers and QA to know flaws were found and to fix any of those defects before impacting production.

Keploy’s Role

Unified Reports: Keploy presents a pass or fail history in a clear format on a per-API-flow basis by collating mock and live-response comparisons and flagging any drift.

Flakiness Metrics: You can narrow down stabilization work by applying its dashboard in assessing test flakiness with inconsistent results.

Alert Hooks: Pass/fail summaries by Keploy, and in-context logs links, can be posted on Slack, Teams, or via email through basic webhooks.

You can ensure the stability and health of your E2E suite and build a culture of quality by defect monitoring, test stability improvement observation, and real-time reporting results.

Common Tools Used in E2E Testing

Different Types of End-to-End Testing

In a world of many moving parts in apps, it takes more than basic end-to-end (E2E) testing to zoom ahead. Using Keploy and end-to-end testing techniques can help you find real-world problems before your users do.

API-Focused E2E Testing: When your frontend initiates a symphony of backend API calls, such as sending emails, updating databases, processing payments, and checking inventory, you want to ensure that every note is played perfectly. Keploy captures those real API conversations as your application runs and turns them into repeatable test cases, complete with mocks for external services. Effective end-to-end testing in software testing allows you to get lightning-fast feedback on your entire backend workflow without having to write a single API script by hand.

Cross-Browser E2E Testing: While your checkout may work perfectly with Chrome, what about that customer's Safari on her iPhone or your coworker's old laptop with Firefox? With Keploy, you can plug recorded API tests into any browser-based suite. When using E2E testing in software testing with Keploy, you can build realistic tests that will help you recreate the exact same bugs and scenarios in Chrome, Firefox, Safari or even mobile emulators. This will ensure eventual compatibility issues, like a form that doesn't submit in Safari, is detected well before any customer complaint.

Load & Performance E2E Testing: Stress Testing with thousands of users at once for a sale or a product release may uncover scale issues that performance testing with a single user not address. Keploy's end-to-end software testing approach can allow you to replay recorded traffic patterns against a production or staging environment with realistic mocks for external services. By knowing exactly where in the database it fails or where API rate limits apply, you can better manage your performance before real clients arrive.

How to Perform End-to-End Testing

As per our e-commerce application workflow (Login → Search → Add to Cart → Checkout → Payment → Order Confirmation), we will apply the E2E testing lifecycle stages having observed them. From the above example, we shall cover the most crucial procedures in conducting end-to-end software testing.

Test Planning:

Begin by describing the specific test you intend to administer and why it is important.

Scope: Since checkout and payment have a direct effect on revenue, concentrate first on business-critical flows.

Setting priorities: High-risk paths are first priority. Verifying optional coupon codes is lower priority compared to confirming payment success.

Tools & Strategy: Determine whether you'll be using tools like Selenium, Keploy, or Playwright in order to automate certain tests, or if you'll run them manually. Repetitive tasks, as well as login-to-checkout processes, are well-suited for automating.

Resources & Timelines: Schedule work before releases, allocate work (devs, QA engineers), and set end dates.

In my scenario, in the planning stage, we make sure that the "Add to Cart → Checkout → Payment" workflow gets priority as a test case.

Designing and Developing Test Cases:

Once we have completed the planning phase, it is time to create realistic user scenarios that include both usual and unusual scenarios.

Positive Scenarios: The user paid successfully, the user added an item to their cart, they logged in, and received confirmation of purchase.

Adverse Scenarios: Payment fails due to lack of funds or invalid card information; product goes out of stock after the we add to the cart and check out.

Edge Cases: Attempting to check out without any items in the cart; paying for the order puts the user into a session timeout.

Every test case ought to contain:

Pre-requisites (i.e. product should be available, user account needs to exist).

Complete the following steps: log in, search, add, check out, and pay.

Expected result (either clear error message or successful order ID.)

"User adds headphones to the cart, enters valid Visa credit card information, completes checkout and receives confirmation of order with a unique ID" is one test case for the e-commerce app.

Test Analysis and Execution:

When test cases are prepared, we execute them in a setting similar to production.

Automation: Run login, search, checkout, and payment flows repeatedly across various browsers and devices using test scripts.

Manual Testing: Testers mimic actual user interactions for exploratory and edge cases.

Tracking results: Record actual results and contrast them with anticipated results. Any discrepancy suggests an error or a breakdown in integration.

Reporting: Document all test results with a focus on what scenarios did or did not work.

Taking our example of a checkout case, if a customer successfully checks out, we would expect to see an order ID and an email confirmation. If the customer exited without an error message, the order would be documented as defective.

Continuous Improvement

E2E software testing is iterative and it will need to adapt along with the product.

Keep the tests up to date: Add corresponding E2E flows for any new features, such as loyalty points or discount codes.

Mitigate flaky tests: Investigate and improve E2E tests that work sometimes, but fail other times due to unreliable environments or denominated services.

Feedback loop: Use test runs from the previous weeks to identify patterns of issues and expand coverage.

Integrate with CI/CD: Automate E2E tests to run as part of your code pushes, so you make regressions aware earlier.

In our example: If coupons entered in the checkout flow are a frequent reason for customer add to cart abandonment, then once we develop E2E cases related to coupon application, we should start running them as a priority in upcoming test cycles.

Keploy for End-to-End Testing

Traditional E2E tests can get hefty pretty quickly: long scripts, large environments, and tons of hand-wired third-party setup. Keploy shortens all of that by auto-generating API-level E2E tests and packaging up any mocks/stubs those tests will need. Of course, it won't replace every kind of test (Runs around UI flows will still need UI tools), but it usually gets you most of the way for API-centric paths, with a ton less effort.

How Keploy Operates:

Keploy runs as a lightweight proxy alongside your app and records network traffic. Rather than authoring brittle, step-by-step scripts, you just let the app talk how it normally would; Keploy records those network calls and assembles reusable test cases from them. This tends to represent actual behavior more closely, although tightly-coupled dynamic responses or time-sensitive flows may need a little tuning.

The following is the high-level workflow:

Record Mode: Record Real Talks

Start your app under Keploy in record mode: keploy record --command "go run main.go"

Use the app as a real user would. For example: log in with a test account, search for “wireless headphones,” add one to the cart, and complete checkout with a sandbox payment method.

Keploy stores each API call and response as a test case, along with mocks of dependencies such as PostgreSQL/Redis, message brokers, or third‑party services like Stripe or Twilio. This keeps later replays isolated from live systems.

Automated E2E Tests with Replay as the Test Mode

When you want to confirm a new version of your application, launch Keploy in test mode: keploy test --command "go run main.go"

Keploy replays all previously recorded API calls with a small delay (by default 5 seconds, which can be changed to match your app's startup time).

Keploy maintains consistency and removes bad tests by using the recorded responses instead of mocking actual dependencies.

It then compares the recorded responses against the actual responses to generate a detailed report on the Keploy console.

Execute Anywhere: Local, Production, or Staging

Because Keploy doesn't have any restrictions on the environment that the tests are run in, you can execute these E2E tests in any environment setup you have including local development machines, staging servers, or even production!

The test cases are always realistic because they are connected to the real traffic captured during the usage of the application.

Combining CI and CD

Once you have Keploy integrated, you can also integrate it with CI pipelines like GitHub Actions, Jenkins, or GitLab.

This automates the running of your E2E tests after every build and it reduces the time for release cycles and provides early identification of regressions.

Real-World Example: How Keploy Helped Reduce Critical Post-Release Issues

Take the case of an online merchant suffering from post-release problems, most egregiously in payment processing. The failure of end-to-end and integration unit testing, which could not uncover end-to-end integration problems, resulted in lost business as well as angry customers.

Through end-to-end software testing with Keploy, the software development team was able to record real user flows, e.g., login, browse, and checkout, and auto-generate accurate mocks of all dependent services.

Without seamless CI/CD integration, these realistic E2E tests ran as part of every code push, uncovering tiny issues before they were taken to production. The results? fewer payment-related incidents, faster and safer deployments, and less maintenance on test fixtures.

This success case shows how Keploy converts actual user activity into a reliable security shield for modern software development teams.

Automated Audit Trails for Compliance

In regulated industries, like healthcare and financial services, or any industry where sensitive data is present, consideration of auditability and compliance can never be overlooked. With Keploy’s end-to-end software testing, we produce audit trails that can be verified through the recordings and replay logs that are created for each action taken via an API, including; each API endpoint, payload, response, and each relevant timestamp.

When an author E2E tests for GDPR, for example, the author role must clarify that consent banners are shown and that user data is not stored without clear consent. You can confirm that tokenized credit card information is never received in plaintext, thus in compliance for PCI DSS. You have to confirm that Protected Health Information (PHI) was never received, on its path, which can only go through authorized channels, therefore complying with HIPAA.

Keploy audit reports automate the recordkeeping of significant workflows, which means auditors have a clear, automated record that compliance teams can present as clear evidence of a regulation being adhered to.

Conclusion

End-to-end software testing guarantees seamless, dependable user experiences by validating everything from bugs, through overall end-to-end flows, through frontend, backend, and hybrid systems. This gives the teams a confidence booster, facilitating quick and secure release, without damaging user confidence. End-to-end testing is expedited, streamlined, and made more effective through tools like Keploy, which build tests from actual user traffic, session-store test data, and integrate with CI/CD. This turns end-to-end testing from a liability into a differentiator.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

1. Why is E2E testing important for businesses?

E2E software testing is advantageous by identifying integration issues early. E2E testing helps identify and prevent critical failures such as a broken checkout or failed payment; and costly downtime, bad company reputation, and poor user experience can all be avoided and harm avoided easily at this stage.

2. How does Keploy simplify End-to-End testing?

Keploy makes E2E testing straightforward and easy to complete, you only need to set up keploy to record related API calls and it will create test cases with mock or stub. Keploy is also the only solution that provides a simple process to record and combine real time user interactions.

3. How is E2E testing different from unit and integration testing?

E2E testing is about combining single modules like integration tests. While unit tests define isolated functions, E2E tests define the workflow. For example, E2E testing will define whether the login → add to cart → payment → checkout forms a single workflow and not just that "login works".

4. What are the best practices for E2E testing?

Use realistic test data, automate the boring process, focus on important paths (onboarding and payments for example), keep your tests small, and use CI/CD pipelines so that you can pinpoint issues early.

5. When should you perform End-to-End testing?