#borewells

In many parts, the development process has hurt poor people. For instance, the coming of borewells some years ago meant that the small farmers of the Muthuraja colony of Kovilpatti lost most of their lands. The borewell owners were richer and higher caste farmers of the next hamlet. And they used their new weapon to deadly effect. As Dr Nagraj of the Madras Institute of Development Studies puts it: 'The man controlling groundwater becomes extremely important. He sinks the borewells. He has the resources and the bank contacts.'

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In Kovilpatti, many things happened once the borewells appeared. The first effect was the drying of the traditional dug wells of the small farmers. The next step was for the borewell owners to sell water to the farmers, or deny it to them at crucial moments, ravaging their crop and often entrapping them in debt as a consequence. The third step was to demand a part of their produce. The fourth was to dictate what they would produce. The fifth was to move from exploiting their dependence on water to acquiring their lands... This is a bit of an oversimplification. A farcical land reform and unviable land units are also big factors. Yet, water or the lack of it deeply influences the lives of it deeply influences the lives of lakhs of people in this district. If you're looking for a link between control of water resources and poverty, Pudukkottai and Ramnad next door provide stark examples.