From the official AQA exam specification for A level Biology

Pathogens

Pathogens include bacteria, viruses and fungi.

Disease can result from pathogenic micro-organisms penetrating any of an organism’s interfaces with the environment. These interfaces include the digestive and gas-exchange systems.

Pathogens cause disease by damaging the cells of the host and by producing toxins.

Lifestyle

Lifestyle can affect human health.

Specific risk factors are associated with cancer and coronary heart disease.

Changes in lifestyle may also be associated with a reduced risk of contracting these conditions.

Analyse and interpret data associated with specific risk factors and the incidence of disease

From the official AQA exam specification for A level Biology

Unit 1 BIOL1 Biology and Disease

1.1 Disease may be caused by infectious pathogens or may reflect the effects of lifestyle.

Pathogens

Lifestyle

1.2 The digestive system provides an interface with the environment. Digestion involves enzymic hydrolysis producing smaller molecules that can be absorbed and assimilated.

The digestive system

Proteins

Enzyme action

Enzyme properties

Carbohydrate digestion

1.3 Substances are exchanged between organisms and their environment by passive or active transport across exchange surfaces. The structure of plasma membranes enables control of the passage of substances across exchange surfaces.

Cells

Plasma membranes

Diffusion

Osmosis

Active transport

Absorption

Cholera

1.4 The lungs of a mammal act as an interface with the environment. Lung function may be affected by pathogens and by factors relating to lifestyle.

Lung function

The biological basis of lung disease

1.5 The functioning of the heart plays a central role in the circulation of blood and relates to the level of activity of an individual. Heart disease may be linked to factors affecting lifestyle.

Heart structure and function

The biological basis of heart disease

1.6 Mammalian blood possesses a number of defensive functions.

Principles of immunology

Biological principles

Proteins and polysaccharides are made up of monomers that are linked by condensation.

Many of the functions of proteins may be explained in terms of molecular structure and shape.

Enzymes are proteins and their rates of reaction are influenced by a range of factors: temperature, the presence of inhibitors, pH and substrate concentration.

Substances are exchanged by passive or active transport across exchange surfaces. The structure of plasma membranes enables control of the passage of substances across exchange surfaces.

Investigative and practical skills

Use your knowledge and understanding to pose scientific questions and define scientific problems

Carry out investigative activities, including appropriate risk management, in a range of contexts

Analyse and interpret data you have collected to provide evidence

Evaluate your methodology, evidence and data, resolving conflicting evidence

Consider the effect of a specific variable on the rate of reaction of an enzyme-controlled reaction

Consider the effect of a specific variable on human heart rate or pulse rate