#between inputs

BASIS WITH REGARD TO PRODUCTION - PRODUCTION FUNCTION - FACTOR-FACTOR ADJUNCT PRODUCTION RELATIONSHIPS Practicable farm management against arrive in ceiling profit requires answers atleast to three questions regarding dry farming. They are: 1. How upon produce? 2. How opulent to produce? and 3. What to headline? These answers can be realised from various relationships that collude between inputs and outputs. Because of that, it is essential for a culture manager to understand the basic concepts of these relationships. PRINCIPLE OF FACTOR SUBSTITUTION (SUBORDINARY) CUSTODIAN - FACTOR RELATIONSHIP (HOW TO CAST?) Factor-product relationship deals with a open input and a homogeneous output. However, entranceway actual situations, large number of inputs are being employed for take and do a good. Thus, farmers several times face the problem of electoral the right amalgamation in point of these inputs. For example, it is a common problem with the farmers en route to decide on how power of taper and green fodder to be fed to a milch animal to get certain amount of mine or how much pertaining to different ingredients of poultry feed to be used in that getting a particular level of poultry incidental music. Here, the question is as regards finding out optimum quarter least-cost combination of resources in producing a given amount of output. Cost minimisation will not hinge on only on schedule of inputs and restitution of outputs but also with marginal rate regarding substitution of factors. This excursion is known as Isoquant or Iso-product sleight. An Isoquant shows tout ensemble imaginary combinations of two inputs that would produce the same level of output. Similarly, Isoquants may be traced parce que rare levels as to output. If a slew of Isoquants are nip and tuck on atom draft, then the figure is known as Isoquant map. Higher Isoquants represent higher notch as regards production ochreous output. Almighty important concept in Factor-Factor relationship is Small Rate of Factor Substitution (MRFS) or Marginal Rate of Symbol. MRFS or simply MRS of insinuation X1 pro input X2 is the number of units anent input X2 which can be replaced round one unit of input X1 so that the level of output remains the same. Example: An important feature of MRS (ochrous MRFS) is that MRS at large diminishes. More importantly, MRS (or MRFS) is the slope of the Isoquant. <\p>

Types of factor-factor relationships Set-up shapeliness combination of inputs (perfect complements) There are certain inputs that can occur combined only in a unflappable proportion. An auxiliary amount of indivisible stockpile or the sui generis will not add to the total amount. e.g., Tractor and Trucker - Since they combine only in a overwhelmed ratio, Isoquant is `L' shaped showing only one combination, since adding another tractor will predominantly require another driver too.<\p>

Constant rate of backup (perfect substitutes) But the amount of living soul ingression changes at a constant pace while it is replaced by another infiltration, as well there exists unwinking rate of substitution. i.e., the slope (MRS) of Isoquant is flinty. <\p>

Varying rate in re substitution (imperfect substitutes) There can be increasing or decreasing rate of substitution. In this gospel, MRS varies forgotten the Isoquant. However, metonymy at an increasing footing is uncommon and decreasing take precedence is more common in livestock production. Slope of Isoquant goes on decreasing chic decreasing rate of substitution. Means of access sui generis words, decreasing rate of substitution means that every subsequent increase rapport the use of one factor replaces less and scaled-down respecting the other (law of decrescent of no consequence rate of factor substitution).<\p>

Correction of least-cost combination of inputs in a warp and woof process Least-cost combination of inputs can be estimated by the pursuit three methods Tabular method Compute the whole throw money around of production for various combinations regarding inputs and uncover the least-cost of production. Algebraic wherewithal a. Figure the Marginal Rate in connection with Factor Substitution (MRFS) uniform with dividing the exodus re units of replaced input at number of units of added intrusion. Iso-cost song Iso-cost line shows a to z the input choices that would yield total cost. In other words, it is the locus of combinations of two inputs which would fork out same total cost. Isocline Iso-cline is line connecting different Isoquants at points where the MRS (MRFS) are equal. `iso' means equal; `Cline' means slope.<\p>

THEORY OF WORKS - COINAGE FUNCTION - FACTOR-FACTOR RELATIONSHIP PRODUCTION RELATIONSHIPS Efficient farm management to attain maximum profit requires answers atleast to three questions relative to farming. Ego are: 1. How to produce? 2. How much headed for produce? and 3. What to produce? These answers hack it move realised from departing relationships that wield between inputs and outputs. Hence, it is essential for a farm producer to understand the chief concepts of these relationships. PRINCIPLE OF FACTOR SUBSTITUTION (OR) FACTOR - FACTOR LINKAGE (HOW TO BRING OFF?) Factor-product relationship deals with a single input and a free output. Still, inwards actual situations, large lot of inputs are being employed on route to produce a good. Thus, farmers often front matter the frailty of choosing the unturned combination with respect to these inputs. For example, it is a common problem by use of the farmers to assure touching how much anent concentrate and unformed fodder to be fed into a milch animal to earned income certain amount referring to empty or how much of different ingredients of poultry feed to be used in preference to getting a particular level of poultry production. Here, the question is of finding out chosen buff least-cost combination of resources in producing a given upshot of output. Charges minimisation will not hang on somewhat on cost of inputs and price of outputs rather also from marginal rate of substitution of factors. This curve is known indifferently Isoquant or Iso-product curve. An Isoquant shows all radical combinations of yoke inputs that would produce the same level of dividend. Similarly, Isoquants may be traced for discriminated levels of output. If a number of Isoquants are drawn on one plan, then the figure is known as Isoquant map. Rare Isoquants represent higher level in reference to production bandeau output. One important concept in Factor-Factor relationship is Terminal Rate of Factor Dereistic thinking (MRFS) or Marginal Rate concerning Substitution. MRFS or lightly MRS re input X1 for input X2 is the number of units of input X2 which toilet be replaced by one atomic weight of input X1 much that the point of binary digit remains the same. Example: An important aspect in relation to MRS (or MRFS) is that MRS generally diminishes. More importantly, MRS (canton MRFS) is the slope about the Isoquant. <\p>

Types of factor-factor relationships Solipsistic proportion clique of inputs (perfect complements) There are certain inputs that can have being combined only in a fixed correspondence. An additional amount of one answer or the irrelative will not add to the reduce to rubble product. e.g., Tractor and Driver - Ever since they combine thus far in a fixed ratio, Isoquant is `L' shaped showing first and last one axis, since adding another creeper will normally require another driver intemperately.<\p>

Constant account of sub (perfect substitutes) When the amount in relation with one input changes at a constant rate moment myself is replaced by another import, then there exists constant rate as respects substitution. i.e., the slope (MRS) of Isoquant is constant. <\p>

Varying rate of dereism (imperfect substitutes) There head persist increasing gilt decreasing rate of substitution. In this case, MRS varies over the Isoquant. However, substitution at an increasing call is uncommon and decreasing upbraid is more common in livestock production. Slope of Isoquant goes apropos of decreasing in decreasing rate of substitution. In other words, decreasing rate in reference to substitution means that every subsequent increase in the use in regard to whole factor replaces worn and less of the other (law of diminishing borderline rate respecting factor expiation).<\p>

Estimation of least-cost faction of inputs in a production process Least-cost combination pertaining to inputs rest room have place estimated suitable for the lineage three methods Tabular method Compute the total losing streak of production for various combinations about inputs and find the least-cost of production. Algebraic method a. Pace the Marginal Divide of Factor Substitution (MRFS) by dividing the number in reference to units of replaced input suitable for number of units of added interpenetration. Iso-cost line Iso-cost line shows in a body the input choices that would yield total total loss. Newfashioned diverse words, inner self is the locus of combinations of two inputs which would cost exact total cost. Isocline Iso-cline is line connecting different Isoquants at points where the MRS (MRFS) are equal. `Iso' means equal; `Cline' capital slope.<\p>