The astronomical ceiling in the tomb of Senenmut, advisor to Queen Hatshepsut (18th Dynasty, 1479–1458 BC), is one of the earliest known star charts, showcasing ancient Egyptian knowledge of astronomy and its integration with religion.

Located in his tomb at Deir el-Bahari, the ceiling is divided into two distinct sections, each with a unique focus.

The northern panel depicts constellations, including Orion, associated with the god Osiris, and the circumpolar stars, or “Imperishable Stars,” which never set and symbolized eternity.

It also includes decans, star groups marking 10-day intervals used to track the Egyptian calendar.

While some constellations are identifiable, the precise meaning of others remains uncertain, leaving aspects of their significance open to debate.

This panel highlights the fixed, unchanging elements of the heavens, associated with stability and immortality.

The southern panel presents a diagram of the solar calendar, showing the twelve months, lunar phases and celestial deities, emphasizing the cyclical nature of time.

Some of the celestial deities and symbols depicted lack full explanation, as their specific roles within the chart remain unclear.