#alternating current

in 1899, nikola tesla posed for one of the most iconic photographs in the history of science. he is sitting in a chair, calmly reading a book, while millions of volts of artificial lightning explode from a giant coil behind him. the image is a long-exposure composite — he was not actually in the room — but it tells you everything you need to know about the man. tesla lived his entire life surrounded by forces most people could not understand and were afraid of. he was never afraid. he just kept reading.

tesla was born in 1856 in smiljan, in what is now croatia. according to his own account, he was born during a lightning storm. the midwife said it was a bad omen, that he would be a child of darkness. his mother replied "no. he will be a child of light."

from childhood, he could visualise entire machines in his head — rotate them, test them, refine them — without ever putting pencil to paper. he built things in his mind first, and the physical versions worked on the first try. while walking through a park in budapest at twenty-six, reciting goethe, the concept of the alternating current motor appeared to him fully formed. he drew the diagrams in the dirt with a stick.

in 1884, he arrived in new york with four cents in his pocket and went to work for thomas edison. tesla told edison that alternating current was the future. edison dismissed him. according to tesla, edison promised him fifty thousand dollars to improve his generators, and when tesla delivered, edison laughed and said "you don't understand american humour." tesla quit.

what followed was the war of currents. edison publicly electrocuted animals to make people fear tesla's invention. but tesla found an ally in george westinghouse, and together they won the contract to light the 1893 world's fair in chicago. when two hundred thousand lights blazed to life powered by alternating current, the debate was over. tesla's system would go on to power the entire modern world.

then came colorado springs, where tesla built the largest coil ever constructed — producing artificial lightning over 130 feet long, audible fifteen miles away. he experimented with wireless energy and became convinced the earth itself could transmit power without wires. it was there, in a laboratory crackling with millions of volts, that the famous photograph was taken. a man sitting peacefully at the centre of a storm he created himself.

he returned to new york with his grandest vision — wardenclyffe, a tower that could transmit wireless energy and information across the globe. he secured funding from j.p. morgan. but morgan pulled out when he realised tesla wanted to give energy away for free. "if anyone can draw on the power," morgan reportedly asked, "where do we put the meter?" the tower was demolished for scrap. tesla was devastated.

after wardenclyffe, everything unravelled. the man who had once dined with mark twain and lit up world's fairs was living alone in hotel rooms, moving from one to another when he could not pay the bill. he developed an intense bond with a white pigeon that visited his window and said "i loved that pigeon as a man loves a woman, and she loved me." he died alone in room 3327 of the new yorker hotel on january 7th, 1943. he was eighty-six. the fbi seized his papers.

here is what tesla gave the world. alternating current electricity. the tesla coil. foundations of radio, radar, x-ray imaging, remote control, and robotics. concepts for wireless energy that engineers are still working on today. every time you plug something into a wall socket, you are living in nikola tesla's world. and yet for most of the twentieth century, edison got the textbooks and tesla got a footnote.

he tore up his royalty contract with westinghouse — worth millions — because westinghouse was struggling financially and tesla refused to bankrupt the man who had believed in him. he gave away what could have made him one of the richest men in the world because he thought it was the right thing to do.

he was born during a lightning storm and spent his life trying to give that lightning to everyone. the world was not ready for him. maybe it still is not.

1886

On May 20, 1891, Nikola Tesla delivered a lecture titled "Experiments with Alternate Currents of High Potential and High Frequency" before the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia. In this lecture, Tesla discussed his experiments with alternating current (AC) electricity, high voltage, and high-frequency currents.

During the lecture, Tesla demonstrated various experiments, including the effects of high-frequency currents on the human body, wireless lighting, and the principles of his Tesla coil. The demonstrations were so far ahead of their time that the people in the auditorium literally started panicking and running out the doors because they thought he was doing the devil’s work.

How the electric chair was used by Thomas Edison in 1890 to discredit a commercial rival while sending a murderer up in smoke

The 1880s saw intense competition between two electricity giants to convince millions of Americans that their version of the electric current was the safest. In what has to be one of the dirtiest tricks in corporate history, the industrial magnate and inventor Thomas Edison made sure his competitor’s current was used to power the new fangled electric chair. A means of execution intended to be…