Oh well huh, speaking of substrates and Egyptian etc.: here's a brand new article proposing a former Afrasian branch in the Balkans, substratal to Proto-Indo-European

As predicted per reviews I’ve seen, reading Ehret (1995), Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic is leaving me with less of a feeling of “oh nice finally some good info” and more of “what the heck, is this supposed to pass for etymology”.

Quite a lot of the comparisons have many, if not all the classic flaws all in one: dubious suffixes, poor attestation, extremely vague semantics … Supplementing a Proto-Chadic word for ‘grass’ with an Arabic word for ‘to be fat’, a Harso word for ‘penis’ and a Yemsa word for ‘branch’ is not even remotely sufficient grounds to reconstruct a common PAA verb root behind these (not even if some of the latter were to have a few more cognates in close relatives).

I call this approach “etymological nativism”: the assumption seems to be that if e.g. Yemsa is an AA language, then this alone is sufficient grounds to presume that any given word in Yemsa is ancient native inheritance, as long as it vaguely matches another word or two in any of the other 300+ languages in the family. Strictly speaking it’s a less bad of a method than omnicomparativism, but only barely (and probably does worse in larger families than smaller ones).

I’m not competent to tell if there actually are enough shared innovations to positively support this, though, and I know better than to take Blench on face value on this. As usual he is more excited by archeological correlates than nitty-gritty linguistic details. Bare phonological inventory comparison has some uses in narrow dialectology, but is close to worthless within larger families. Irish is not closely related to Russian despite both having palatalized consonants aplenty; nor Greek to Spanish despite both having a full spirant series /f θ x v ð ɣ/ plus simple /i e a o u/ vowel system.

No longer hot news, but still fairly fresh (and news to me): a freely available e-book on the outline and the history of the Chadic languages.

For development in one generation under unpruned childish minds, to demonstrate the speedy development of complex systems from fine strictures

Introduction

The Afrasian Primordial Embodied Conlang proposes a novel mapping of phonemes to gestures, translating the points and manners of articulation in human speech into corresponding motions and positions of the arm, wrist, and hand. This linguistic experiment aims to create a physically embodied language that demonstrates the emergence of complexity from simplicity and explores the potential of gestural communication as a direct analog to vocal speech. By rooting the system in Ehret’s implied theory of primordial mono- and bi-consonantal roots, the conlang emphasizes the generative power of minimal elements, showcasing how language can rapidly develop into a complex, critical system within a single generation.

This project highlights three key points:

Simple, well-defined systems can give rise to rich, complex structures.

Language is inherently adaptive and inventive, with speakers naturally innovating to fill gaps and extend expressive capacity.

The timeline of early language development cannot be linearly extrapolated; languages can achieve full expressive power swiftly under the right conditions.

The Afrasian Primordial Embodied Conlang is not designed to dictate meaning or structure but to provide a fertile framework for user-driven emergence. Through its use, the project seeks to illuminate universal principles of systems behavior, the parallels between vocal and gestural articulation, and the profound interplay between physical embodiment and linguistic abstraction. Further, the emphasis on universal systems behavior stands in contrast to and debunks Chomskian Universal Grammar.

Goals

Demonstrate Embodied Language Formation Create a gestural language that mirrors the articulatory mechanics of speech. The gestures will map to phonemes based on the physical properties of articulation:

Consonants will correspond to specific movements or contacts of joints and digits, e.g., shoulder pops for glottal stops, thumb-to-finger gestures for bilabials and dentals.

Vowels will be expressed through hand shapes and wrist rotation, with open hand positions reflecting round vowels and cupped or compact shapes for unrounded vowels.

Voicedness and Fricativity will be conveyed by the speed and smoothness of the overall limb motion.

Enable Spontaneous Language Growth Provide a foundational set of linguistic elements, analogous to primordial roots, that speakers can combine and expand upon. This includes a minimal base lexicon of productive elements such as “here,” “there,” “go,” and basic modifiers (e.g., “-ly”). The system is designed to foster emergent grammar and complexity through use.

Model System Universals Investigate universal principles of system dynamics, such as the emergence of order from simple rules, criticality, and the interplay of constraints and creativity. By observing the language’s evolution, we can draw insights applicable across disciplines, from linguistics to information theory and systems philosophy.

Challenge Linear Development Models Show that language development is not a slow, gradual process requiring tens of thousands of years. By creating a living system within one generation, the project will counter assumptions about early human language being primitive or embryonic for millennia. Instead, it will illustrate the immediacy with which a fully functional communicative system can arise.

Proposed Framework

Articulatory Mapping

Thumb = Tongue: Mirroring the dexterity and central role of the tongue, the thumb will perform contacts and taps against other fingers.

Three Fingers = Lips and Teeth: The pinky will represent dental articulations, while the middle and ring fingers will handle labial and alveolar sounds.

Hand Rounding for Vowels: Open, rounded hand shapes correspond to rounded vowels, while compact shapes represent unrounded vowels. Wrist rotation indicates vowel qualities such as frontness or backness.

Gestural Grammar

Reserve the index finger for pointing, deixis, or any purpose invented by users.

Allow combinations of gestures to indicate grammatical relationships, modifiers, or emphasis.

Speed and fluidity of gestures reflect linguistic qualities like voicedness and fricativity.

Emergent Flexibility

The many unassigned possible gestural elements leave ample "blank" articulatory space for users to innovate, ensuring the language grows organically in response to user needs and context.

Encourage experimentation and adaptation, recognizing that meaning will naturally crystallize through interaction and repetition.

The basic vocabulary will be extremely impoverished, of simple choices (with simple meanings like "move, hit, rise, two," etc) from this list:

These Afrasian elements and words will be translated directly and literally as possible from the anatomy of the mouth and throat to that of the arm and hand.