70-457 Policy and Protocols for Multivendor IP Networks
Juniper® and Cisco Routing
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Policy and Protocols for Multivendor IP 70-457 Networks
Walter J. Goralski
Juniper® and Cisco Routing Policy and Protocols for Multivendor IP Networks
Juniper® and Cisco Routing
Policy and Protocols for Multivendor IP Networks
Walter J. Goralski
Publisher: Robert Ipsen Editor: Carol Long Developmental Editor: Scott Amerman Associate Managing Editor: John Atkins Text Design & Composition: Wiley Composition Services Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all instances where Wiley Publishing, Inc. is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or ALL CAPITAL LETTERS. Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2002 by Walter J. Goralski. All rights reserved. Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspointe Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4447, E-mail: [email protected]. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: ISBN: 0-471-21592-9 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Acknowledgments Introduction
xv xvii
Part 1 Chapter 1
The Internet and the Router A Brief History of the Internet and Router The Pre-Web Internet The Web Comes to Town The Birth of the Web The Web Explodes The Birth of the ISPs
1 3 6 13 15 19 22
The Router's Role Chapter 2 TCP/IP Survivor's Guide Internet Protocol Suite: An Overview TCP/IP Layers and the Client/Server Model The Network Layer The IP Layer The Transport Layer The Application Layer Putting It All Together
26 33 34 35 38 40 43 47 50
Key TCP/IP Applications FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Telnet (Remote Login) DNS (Domain Name Service) SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and Post Office Protocol (POP) Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) and Boot Protocol (BOOTP)
51 51 53 54 56 58
v
vi
Contents Network File System (NFS) Simple Network Management Protocol X Windows 60 62 64
Multimedia and Multicast MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Multicast and the Multicast Backbone
65 66 69
ARP and ICMP ARP Protocols Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
70 71 73
Chapter 3
IP Addressing and Routing The IP Address Private and Martian IP Addresses Reading IP Addresses
77 77 82 83
Direct and Indirect Routing Direct Delivery or No Routing Required The IP Router and Indirect Delivery
83 84 87
Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) Fragmentation and Reassembly Limitations of IPv4 Features of IPv6 The IPv6 Header Structure IPv6 Header Changes IPv6 Addresses The IPv6 Address Prefix
92 95 98 100 103 104 106 107
IPv4 Packet Processing IPv6 Packet Processing The IPv4/IPv6 Transition: Terminology IPv4/IPv6 Device Compatibility Deploying IPv6 Chapter 4 Subnets and Supernets IP Addressing and the Internet IP Subnetting Where IP Addresses Come From The Basics of Subnetting More Advanced Subnetting
109 110 110 111 112 115 116 121 122 123 127
Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR) VLSM and the Longest-Match Rule The Longest-Match Rule Radix Tree Representation Aggregation Aggregates on the Internet Aggregates and Routing Policy
130 135 137 138 140 142 148
IPv6 Prefixes Summary: The Five Roles for Routing Policy
150 152
Contents Chapter 5 Cisco Router 70-457 exam dumps Configuration Cisco Router Architecture Cisco Hardware Cisco Memory RAM/DRAM NVRAM Flash Memory ROM Cisco Router Access Cisco's Router Operating System
