#0611_a

Summary: Adopt AD590M as the temperature sensor, control the filmy open electric heating of the electric conduction through the modal conversion of the work of the control relay, realize long-range monitoring and control of the glass temperature of kleptoscope window, has achieved the goal that go to the ice, reveal or go to the fog as window cover glass of kleptoscope. Keyword: Kleptoscope; Temperature sensor; Cover glass; Window comparator

Sum up for prevent sea water from enter inside the kleptoscope, population of light, in kleptoscope have one can bear certain the intersection of sea water and cover glass of static pressure. When the submarine uses the kleptoscope to observe under the cold climatic condition, the intersection of header and window its will moral integrity that ground cover condense cover soon, only solution lift down kleptoscope develop, rise, observe and then in sea water the past. But this kind of method is inconvenient, the result is unsatisfactory, are covered with soon after after rising. Under the extremely cold climate, such as while using in the Arctic Ocean, the kleptoscope will be received severely to influence and lose utility. The method which solves the above-mentioned problems is to set up cover glass of header to heat the device in the kleptoscope, it does to offer deicing, defrosting for window cover glass of submaine periscope and go to the fog, guarantee the normal use of the kleptoscope.

3G WCDMA/UMTS just began to dispose in the world, hankering after the new technical personage will lose enthusiasm to this once for a time hot new technology, then begin to pay close attention to the packet access of descenting at a high speed (HSPDA) Technical beautiful future. The technological trade seems to be always constant change like this. Once we are sure that it is feasible to dispose a certain technology, we will begin to seek the next and great innovation to break through, HSDPA is exactly like this. So, before joining the debate, please allow me to explain one point: The question does not lie in whether HSDPA will be replaced UMTS, but HSDPA knows the compliance general trend and develops into a kind of technology apt to dispose, and the software that becomes the existing 3G UMTS network is strengthened edition. HSDPA is moving towards commercialization, 43 networks come into operation at present, another there are 63 network planning and is at disposing or experimental stage. cingular wireless Company began the introducing trader to use HSDPA business on some markets of North America at the end of 2005, and estimate UMTS/HSDPA network will finish the arrangement in most staple markets of U.S.A. before the end of this year. Its main operator (including NTT DoCoMo, Vodafone and T-Mobile) Began to introduce HSDPA business too in 2006. The main operator of Europe is carrying on the test, it is estimated that will dispose in 2006 following Asia and North America, most WCDMA/UMTS runs the staging of association of dealers to HSDPA. In fact, some operators jumped over UMTS and and disposed HSDPA technology (data source directly simply: 3G Americas, July of 2006) . However, few people mention the meaning that is designed to the mobile phone of this kind of agreement in disposing course in HSDPA network. Certainly, after disposing high-efficiently, HSPDA can offer the data rate of 3.5G characteristic and 14.4Mbps.

A lot of advantages of developing HSPDA step by step are setting up above the following fact foundations, this agreement is basically right 3GPP (3G cooperative partner's project) Normal expansion. It can improve bit rate through building up familiar UMTS technology, and will mainly handle the task to shift from control device of radio network to Node B (base station) ,Thus near the air interface even more. So, the mobile phone OEM manufacturer can reuse the majority and have UMTS design work now while developing HSDPA device, only need to add the characteristic more high SIGPROC signal processing assembly. However, what merits attention is, the design of the receiver of the mobile phone does not change much at present; WCDMA sender basically maitains unchanged. HSUPA (the upstream packet access of high speed) Will walk slowly like a woman subsequently.

The obstacle that still needs to cross over, in order to fully excavate the potentiality of HSPDA speed of download, we need receiver technology more advanced than CDMA target type receiver that use in the early solution. These more advanced receiver technologies just improves to some extent, but is far from offering the potentiality of anticipated crest value. And the advanced equalizer can solve the above-mentioned problem. The aerial question is another key element. Though the single aerial system is suitable for employing and can totally give play to the ability of data rate partly in cases there are ideal air interface conditions, but high-performance mobile phone and PDA can only choose to receive various (receiver diversity)s Pair aerial system. Increase a receiver and aerialing makes the mobile phone can realize more high speed of download under most air interface conditions. HSPDA will influence SIGPROC signal processing of the mobile phone and system control seriously, so need more complicated hardware and software. This is from the following facts obviously, it supports 16 stepses of straight intermodulation one (16 - QAM) , the periodic line is adapted, physical layer transmit and mix automatic retransmission again (HARQ) Physical layer of association, signal channel terms feedback, and allow to share by air interface the transmission channels news of the signal channels of users many, namely high-speed descending share channel (HS-DSCH) . The high steps 16 - QAM modulation needs more high radio characteristic, especially more high linear scale. In addition, the receiver can measure the quality of signal channel and provide for base station and feedback. Adopt most new and 65nm technological how key appearance of semiconductor device bring for designer enormous to help, make them meet HSPDA more quick processing rate and more high memorizer demand, can meet power consumption and cost and save the demand at the same time, this is 130nm and 90nm technological enormous progress which UMTS system adopts at present. Though 2 sets of aerials will gather the identical signal, but integrating in the mobile phone can establish to receive the diversity or adaptive modulation function optimally and receive the state under various chain travel permit one of dual receivers and one pair of aerial systems. This needs each set of aerials and receivers to run in their each independent signal transmission channel, can formate these two input signals while requiring the system at the same time, in order to offer the best single signal, this will obviously bring the size question. However, the maximum challenge that the designer that double antenna, dual collector dispose faces is to put the aerial with the distance as far as possible, that is to say one is on-mike, another one nears the earphone, lie in both ends of the mobile phone respectively. This will form an interesting problem in renovating the mobile phone, because the signal must pass the hinge.

Summary: This text propose one Fu set up leaf USB simple and easy to realize in data collecting system in the spectrometer. Keyword: USB; Microcontroller; Multiple channel; Data acquisition

The foreword will often meet the situation needing to input various analog signals in the computer observes and controls the system, must need to change A/D at this moment. In some actual projects sometimes, choose some dedicated data collecting cards in order to gather some analog quantity, not only make the system more complicated,but also not apt to realize the function is expanded, increases the systematic design cost yet. On the other hand, the USB interface is easy to operate more and more widely used, so the USB interface of the Apparatus is a development trend. XFT-1 type open Fu set up leaf, vary spectrometer, adopt classical the intersection of Michael and modest interferometer, the light intensity after interfering changes with movement of the index glass, the electro-optic recipient target transforms the mere strong signal of secular change that is received for the corresponding voltage signal. In order to remove because not even errors caused of the migration velocity of the index glass, adopt the double channel in the module, measure the reference light (He-Ne laser) at the same time And after examining the light source, utilize and consult photic information to correct the position error of optical measurement examined. In XFT-1 type open Fu sets up the leaf and varies the spectrometer, have adopted such simple and easy USB data collecting system that this text put forward. In view of the economic, practical factor, have adopted one-chip computer and common USB interface chip in the system, will both combine the data acquisition system design which will realize the USB interface. The epistasis PC has adopted C # language programming, the data real-time display that gets gathering, handling the analysis, data to keep and print.

The hardware, circuit design this, system regards ADuC841 of ADI Company as the core to realize data acquisition and control. This one-chip computer lasts single instruction cycle 20MIPS 8052 kernels and 8 passways of 420Ksps at a high speed, 12bit A/D converter, support online download. Control device and ADC have integrated and shortened development time, has improved the stability of the system. This text regards oozing the permanent USB interface chip CH375 in Nanjing as the core and realizes USB data transmission. The following characteristic: Compatible USB2.0; Shield the associated USB agreement under the built-in firmware mode, finish canonial USB and enumerate the configuration procedure automatically, do not need local end control device to do any treatment at all, has simplified the firmware programming of the one-chip computer; One grade of interface of provision of equipment of common Windows driver program, offer API to employ the layer interface through DLL. The interface circuit diagram of ADuC841 and CH375 is shown as in Fig. 1. Two kinds of data link connecting means that and run side by side that ADuC841 and CH375 are serial. Adopt the way of running side by side in the module in order to improve the speed, link P0 mouth of ADuC841 with parallel bus of CH375. Besides reading and writing signal connection, adopt A14 as the address bit. A14 =0,Show it is the data on the data bus; A14 =1,Order on representing the data bus. In USB transmission course, ADuC841 and CH375 touch off through external interruption, adopts INT0 external interruption pin of ADuC841 to connect with INT # pin of CH372 directly. CH375 exports as the low level in normal working hour ACT # pin, so add a luminescent diode and point out whether the USB interface chip is the normal operation between power and this pin. The luminescent diode one has killed and offered important information for debugging of the lower-position unit procedure bright.

The system software of systematic software design is by the lower-position unit procedure (firmware procedure) , USB systematic driver program and three parts of utility program form. Utilize USB agreement to transmit the machine format model and is shown as in Fig. 2. Data acquisition and data transmission subroutine that the software program of this system mainly includes language C wrote the one-chip computer, and the data real-time display which the epistasis PC written with C # gathers, handling analysis, data keeping and procedure of sealing. The firmware procedure of the program device of the lower-position unit is a core of the data collecting system, the lower-position unit procedure mainly utilizes KeilC51 to be written. In order to reduce the complexity and increase the maintainability of the procedure, the lower-position unit programming adopts and inquires about the way carried out again in order that the PC spreads over through the USB interface first. Presume the agreement in upper computer and lower-position unit communication, presume corresponding command word and check field in the agreement. The master command word has systems that finds whether it is normal and presuming sampling frequency, presuming that samples the point size, samples the enabling signal etc. or not. The intersection of lower-position unit and for scan the intersection of command word and variable constantly, see it effective main program. It is original to be monitored the command word and set invalid, after the upper computer sends out the new command word, the lower-position unit enters the interrupt subroutine to receive the command word, the command word sets effective. After the content that the lower-position unit scans the new command word, carry out corresponding operation, then will wait to monitor the command word to set invalid and continue waiting for the new command word. The function of the task of refinement of this kind of design, help to develop, debug and safeguard. The data acquisition subroutine runs after the main program receive and start the course command word of data acquisition. After the one-chip computer receives the command word that the upper computer sends through USB over, start the course of data acquisition. It utilize slices of inner timer set for, gather time interval, pay data acquisition with slices of inner ADC. In the interrupt subroutine while booking, the one-chip computer will gather the data of two passways, deposite them in the buffer in certain order, then check whether the buffer is full, if the buffer is discontented, the sub end of program of timer interrupt, otherwise send the data in the buffer to the upper computer through CH375, clear out the buffer, the sub end of program of timer interrupt. It is easy to develop a great advantage of USB driver program, this system. Nanjing oozed the permanent company to already offer the general USB driver program to user. Only need installation Off-The-Shelf USB to drive the erection procedure, it has offered a lot of interface functions for development of the utility program. Because mainly adopt and upload in batches and download the way in batches, mainly use CH375ReadData, functions such as CH375WriteData,etc.. This part does not need writer. The procedure upper computer procedure of the upper computer can adopt many kinds of software development tools, this system has written the utility program with C # language under Visual Studio2005 development environment. Mainly finish reading, revealing, keeping, opening and printing the work of data,etc.. It is the key part of the upper computer procedure that the data read the course. For in from under location machine-readable data fetch at influence by interface smoothness that be responded to, make use of multithread to realize the data to read in the programming. Data acquisition work finish in single sub thread, but main the intersection of thread and piece responsible for, finish mouse, keyboard response in user. In the sub thread of data acquisition, offer API to employ the layer interface to visit the buffer in USB driver program directly through DLL. After succeeding in turning on the apparatus, utilize CH375WriteData interface function to write the command word in the buffer, send the order to the one-chip computer; Utilize CH375ReadData interface function to read the data in the buffer, the data gathered. Under Visual Studio2005 development environment, it is relatively lower to write the difficulty of program development of the upper computer. It is ocular that the real-time display of data has increased course of data acquisition. The data gathered set up a software timer through GDI + drawing on PictureBox controlling part, paint the figure once through regular hour again while being every, because the time interval is less than 0.1s, it is a curve of continuous change visually. Machine format save and it opens functions to be to utilize StreamWriters and StreamReader completion of C in the # mainly. Print data and figure and mainly use PrintDocuments, after transferring Print method, characters and graphic output that will need printing in PrintDocument_PrintPage incident or painting again and can be printed.

The simple connection which utilizes one-chip computer and USB interface chip is the getting extendible data acquisition module of a USB interface to conclude the speech, need, expand data storage outside, meanwhile, still very abundant acquisition system this peripheral hardware and the intersection of I/O and resource carry on expansion functionally on the abundant slice with ADuC841. In XFT-1 type open Fu sets up the leaf and varies the spectrometer system, have utilized ADuC841 to pass the synchronous electric machine control Michael modest interferometer index glass seat. Through testing, the precision great of sampled data of this system, the transmission rate is very fast, the characteristic is steady, after through linking with PC, not merely make the memory capacity of the data great, and apt to carry on data processing, economy simple, set up leaf vary spectrometer characteristic steady in the system in XFT-1 open Fu.

The present digital machine adopts CCD (the coupling element of electric charge) Or CMOS sense optical device - optical device of these senses all turn optical signal into electric signals, but the conversion mode of the two is different.

The structure of Fig. 1 CCD is in CCD device - have several million sensitization picture element (Pixel) The constituent array is covered on the surface of the sensor. After exposing, the cumulative electric charge, through certain sequence on the whole CCD pel array, line up to read out from a port of CCD sensor, and change A/D through chip of a specialized analog to digital converter. CMOS changes A/D to the exposure of each picture element directly. However, the shortcoming of CMOS is that the photographic snesitivity is lower than CCD, the incoherent signal appears easily, this is mainly because the structure of every picture element of CMOS is more complicated than CCD, the sensitization of CMOS opens not to match an ADC amplifier as by CCD big _ and CMOS each picture element, (each amplifier has a slight difference) ,Compare with CCD of the single amplifier, noises that CMOS calculates should be many. But CMOS lies in the low cost to the advantage of CCD, there is little consumption, the circuit is relatively simple. On the basis of the above-mentioned pluses and minuses, CMOS applies to the low-end products of one yard of cameras, CCD is used in the medium and high-grade goods of the digital camera. CMOS sensor usually follows competence, vertical synchronization and a picture element clock with the parallel data like plain unit of RGB or YcbCr form output, can control the output of CMOS sensor video frame with external clock and locking signal too sometimes.

Permutation CCD sensors of Fig. 2 CCD picture element are different, output it for the analog signal, need a special purpose chip (including the analog to digital converter, sequence generator, vertical generator) ,Such as LR38667, AD9943, the analog signal of its processaable, changed its A/D and produced the required appropriate sequence of CCD array. The analog to digital converter is outputted for 10 or 12 parallel data of each picture element, follow the competence, vertical synchronization and picture element clock.

Certainly, the capture course of the picture will not be concluded in the sensor, on the contrary, this course has just begun. Let us have a look at the primitive picture Pass those links before turning into the exquisite pictures of display unit or other output units. In the digital camera, these handle links in " image manipulation passway " become . Provide a possible procedure in the picture. These algorithms are usually dealt with by dedicated DSP. Such as AT76C113 of ATMEL Company, this DSP includes automatically and photometric, automatic focus, automatic white balance.

It focus and it examine optical character system at you according to that camera according to when not making,last light sum automatic focus camera automatically, automatic focus, DSP controls the lens to activate, is making operation constantly according to the area preserved in advance, the ones that obtained the lens are the a bit clearerrest, thus control the lens to the clear dot location. Light of automatic _, measures the luminance of presetting the area, compensates the over-exposed or under-expose area by regulating the shutter speed or diaphragm magnitude, its main goal is to maintain the relative contrast degree between different areas in the picture, and reach the mean brightness required.

Picture broken to have a snack to stave off hunger some (image preprocessing) The sensor is the highly delicate components and parts, because of the influence in factors such as the manufacture process,etc., contain some defective picture element usually, so general picture mend, dispel by median filtering by some treatment technology. This kind of technology depends on such a fact, namely the rapid change among picture element is abnormal, because the optical course can only make the picture clear. The picture below, in order to compensate the defective picture element method.

White balance (image preprocessing) When we see a scene, no matter how light condition is, our eyes can all convert all inner things of the scene to a set of same natural color. But the color correctly of the image sensor " The perception " Depend on the light condition to a great extent, so it needs its acquired picture of mapping, make it look free of light to export finally. It can be through finishing manually or automatically that this kind of picture is shone upon. The primitive picture substantially as pursuing to come out for the sensor on the left, it is red through exporting the sensor, green, the blue pixel data are multiplied by different multiples and corrected, _ color and human eye which use _ feel unanimity.

The preconditioning has a lenses that is corrected (shade or distortion) ,This set of algorithms have solved and outputted the picture and seen the physical attribute problem of the scene of the deflection between real scene with users. Different lenses will produce different distortion. For example: The shade distortion of the lens has lowered the luminance of the area around the lens, it will make the picture present the edition line of color around that the colour difference is not normal, so DSP should carry on mathematic manipulation to the picture, in order to correct distortion.

Go mosaic, picture element interpolate, noise reduction and edge turn into, go mosaic may the intersection of image manipulation and most important and the intersection of calculation sum and operation of maximum under pipeline while being sharp. Usually each manufacturer has one's own method. But generally speaking inducible for several master algorithm. Bilinear interpolation or a pair of three interpolation,etc. is not that the self-adaptive algorithm belong to the easiest method, very suitable for the smooth area of the picture. But will go wrong with the edge of algorithm processing or abundant area of lamination, those can offer better treatment lamination according to the self-adaptive algorithm that some picture characteristic adjust. Adaptation algorithmic one example to based on reconstruction that edge lead, and the the intersection of algorithm analysis and area of picture element confirm in the side to interpolate. If it finds the edge nearby around of picture element, carries on interpolation along the edge, but not cross the edge. Another self-adaptive algorithm is to suppose the whole target has an invariable missing, this can prevent the sudden change of color echelon appearing in the specific target. And the mosaic method that a lot of go, including frequency-domain analysis, the neuron,etc.. Every picture element (Pixel) A correspondent color (R or B, or G) Change into every picture element (Pixel) Correspond to 3 faces R, G, B

The color is changed at this stage, RGB picture after interpolating transforms into the goal and exports the space, in order to compress or in LCD, TV display image, usually needs to carry on RGB to Yuv (YcbCr) Matrix change,gamma correction on other include this also often so as to lasting target indication. May be to Yuv (YcbCr) according to standard 4_ 2_ 2 forms at this stage Output and sample the two-shot color density, in order to reduce the color bandwidth, thus will not influence the visual effect.

After treatment is at this stage, the picture is improved through various filtering action before sending the display unit or storage media to. For example: Edge enhancement, reduce the elimination of noise and artificial color to finish at this stage.

Summary: This text has introduced the processor technology of polykaryon in terms of definition, textural difference, CAPI and embedded software. Keyword: Polykaryon; Symmetrical; Unsymmetry; CAPI

Is it correctly or by mistake? The present refered polykaryon processor is processor producer and IP supplier in order to sell more chips and kernels and the transitionality made is propagandized hotly. The so-called development technology of using direct multiplication of single kernel for this kind of polykaryon processor chip of desk calculating machine and server is pushing to the embedded system directly. If believe this kind of speech about the polykaryon processor on the transactions, waiting will know to at the time of the true requirement for the polykaryon processor characteristic one day in the future, will be astonished definitely. The actual polykaryon processor original document means a kind of new technology about the future microprocessor. Can really sell more chips and kernels, and can demonstrate some desired practical results in characteristic and power consumption in multinuclear deception at present. But unfortunately, used for using in desktop and server above-mentioned directly painless many nuclear technology of multiplication type use help to be limited to a embedded one for many years. In order to further investigate the structural challenge of new polykaryon, the organization of a non-profit-making polykaryon alliance has been established in some companies recently, its aim lies in assisting embedded industry to solve the generality difficult problem of playing polykaryon processor of chip type. This organization first challenge solved to set about Communication difficult problem during the multi-core shell fragment. Developing API norm for Communication among the kernels now. Because alliance this get permission, register formally yet, so member its announce while being inconvenient now. However, have filed an application and already paid for the first time already there are 15 at least in companies of the membership dues.

Multinuclear multiple meaning should be given at first the next definition of polykaryon. The polykaryon has many kinds of definitions, especially unfortunately, the polykaryon has already been abused again and again by the market, and even that is blamed is a kind of fraud. Polykaryon alliance think monolithic the intersection of polykaryon and device should have two and autonomy processing unit of the above. Autonomy or initiative is the important condition of the processing unit. According to this definition, the system with the coprocessor is repelled except polykaryon processor in the procedure of all host computers, it is many nuclear systems and it is nuclear to connect DSP which carry out one's own instruction stream with host computer. This is a concise part in the definition. If touch upon AMP (unsymmetry is dealt with) And SMP (symmetrical treatment) ,Isomorphism and isomerism, the memorizer shares with the structural style of distributing etc., the concise definition will be broken through. SMP in polykaryon deal with to contain two and occasion of the above, each have the same chip, it is the same as a structural kernel, operate the same software. SMP can share the memory and buffers and bond the part. SMP uses the isologous kernel, though the isologous kernel needn't be must be SMP. If inside is an isologous kernel, but what every kernel is operated is not identical operating systems, then turn into antisymmetrical multiprocessing (AMP) . AMP system can use the kernel of isomerism and share and store the interface or use and is distributed the memorizer too. Sometimes, AMP and NUMA (not a storage architecture) Can regard as the synonym. In any case, the isomorphism or isomerism kernel can form the polykaryon processor, the polykaryons processor can all press SMP ( symmetrically) Or AMP (unsymmetry) The mode runs. Later on, clarify the composition of each embedded polykaryon processor is very important, because different demands to have different compositions. Freescale and Intel choose a pair of nuclear embedded much nuclear structure of isomorphism with the purpose of employing in advanced industry and communication. Freescale, ST and TI Company regard consumption electronic product of all kinds of multimedia as the goal, uses the embedded chip of polykaryon of isomerism, Nomadik such as i.MX and ST of Freescale. Other companies, have several dozen, several hundred and even thousands of pieces of nuclear isomorphism or isomerism polykaryon processor as PicoChip Design and Connex Technology Company constructs. The intersection of difference and huge the intersection of polykaryon and processor in essence these, programming and hardware high to walk abreast degrees of the intersection of and specialization further in software.

AMP and the intersection of SMP and more difference, about AMP or dispute of pluses and minuses of SMP, from common to calculate polycomputer and multi-processor of field begin, been argueing for a long time and consultation. Though has lasted decades, has not still seen the clear winner float above the surface of water. Two upper and lower level of scheme say, clean the street clear, finally by the applied need in order to do what he thinks is right accurately. Now, the playground here is disputed and transmitted to again embeddedly. Use SMP, views from the point of employing the angle, the operating system has concealed CPU structural quality and offered some additional functions. There are a lot of to can support operating systems of SMP, including real-time operating system. Among them have both the commercial one and open source codes. Relatively AMP is easy in the programming of SMP, though the multithread programming of SMP is relatively difficult. The price of the known software occupies the equivalent number in the project is developed. In addition, SMP is more largely because of a area of silicon, consume energy and keep the complicated scheduling problem of cohesion of cache, there is name of the scheme of high price. Nuclear expenses when a factor of connecting bandwidth, moving ahead simultaneously, locking etc. is strengthened, make the scalability of SMP limited. Moreover, portable SMP system, because need to highly use the network on slice, the multinuclear frequent connection consumes more valuable electricity. The cohesion of cache, initiate SMP system and can't produce anticipated access delay time, make some real-time application systems unable to accept. SMP system more long access time, even can adopt the multithread of the hardware to remedy, will still produce the decline of the characteristic. Elasticity of SMP system is bad, when nuclear to use the quantity to increase, there will be more kernels that make the characteristic drop because of waiting for thread resources. AMP, under the support condition with hardware, respects such as a area of power consumption, silicon,etc. are improved to some extent, the efficiency ratio is SMP high. According to the traditional statement, the programming of AMP is relatively difficult. Generally speaking, cut utility program apart into Cheng section of loose coupling, it shines upon give distributed AMP to be one light thing in hardware structure and then. Some advocates have argued, can create the stepped health ecotope of the optimizer for AMP. But want to gather a plurality of program segments into the whole with agressiveness, it is not still easy thing. On however, it is at slice polykaryon number increase to certain extent at,it is seem more feasible not to adopt by SMP and AMP schemes mixed.

Many kinds of storage architecture whether the intersection of issue and many nuclear structure can discuss according to the intersection of memorizer and structural style with mechanism that Communication adopt too. For sharing many nuclear systems of storage architecture, adopt SMP programming modes more traditionally. Each kernel can be visited to all memorizers in the global address space. The typical method to visit shared memory is to use the controlling mechanism that inquires through the bus line, it to prevent by a plurality of kernel from with when visit by memorizers same. In order to make every kernel on one can be visited to all memorizers, this is method that directness understands the most. In addition, sharing the storage organization can be used and quoted the way to transmit the data, the data needn't move truly. At too many kernel with when deposit and withdraw when,know shared memory last bottleneck. Traditional SMP programming mode, can not adapt to many nuclear system processors very much. Because SMP traditional programming mode assumes, there are mechanisms such as homogeneous access structure and buffer memory,etc.. The power consumption of SMP is unsatisfactory, can't reach several dozen and even several hundred desired nuclear levels of embedded many nuclear systems in the flexible respect either. It is the excessive consuming that SMP moves ahead simultaneously to most embedded many nuclear systems thick and fast. The mode is clumsy and ineffective that embedded many nuclear systems need to be suitable for Communication and programming, but SMP of flow for flowing. The distributed structure includes from global Internet, long haul network (WAN) To the LAN (LAN) ,Server, single chip device with various treatment kernels. For distributing many nuclear systems that are stored, every kernel has one's own local memory. Though there may the overall situation that stores the address space, need various information transmission and resource synchronization mechanism and could communicate. With one's own local memory kernel needn't share, deposit and withdraw with other kernel efficiency and support and stretch out and draw back. Require as kernel a certain from other singly or a plurality of kernel obtain data and when the order, must move ahead simultaneously among them, and the data must move and replace and quote among the processors physically. Information transfer of supporting the portable shape that programming runs side by side. Distributed programming is usually than multithread (but it can work in SMP system it is very good) Programming is easy. However, the required code of the information transmission is greater than running side by side the transmissive share code. The transmission mode of information is a serial Communication process (CSP) at first And the one that design. Can associate it with at wording of serial communication, it will run on modern to require compact science of code employ the above, let alone use it on the embedded telescopic system. In order to support these many kinds of different storing and Communication architectures, has developed many kinds of API standards for many years. In that call it OpenMP (open multiprocessing) And MPI (information transmission interface) Two standard. MPI is distributed applied information transmission API far and wide in the computing system on a large scale. It can be used in many kinds of distributed storage organization, is suitable for the mobile system too. Each RUNNING hardware can be optimized by oneself, therefore it is high speed. Though MPI is powerful, it is complicated. If bring into play various functions, the memory on the one piece polykaryon is far insufficient, computing cost big to enable the time delay of the storage system too big at the same time.

Though Communication standard developed among more quick Communication API processor is numerous, that none is distributed for the near neighbour (tight coupling) , store compactness, characteristic, restrain the harsh embedded multinuclear system from design. In embedded world, it is symmetric to apply most to the right and wrong per se. Whether many nuclear systems can use the kernel of isomerism in the on-chip same form, or operate different operating systems and become non- symmetrical structure on the kernel of isomorphism, or make the two coexist on the same chip. In conformity with the intersection of opposite direction and many transformation of nuclear system, industry agree abstraction erupt the concept simultaneously, make it express API for use in a series of programming common, simply, effectively, ocularly. This is a aim of a polykaryon association. While writing the norms of embedded many nuclear systems, deal with resource management (kernel, stores, connects, I/O) ,Among kernel communication,and slices of expert for synchronism when state to some extent. Writing API should not be only directed against the single operating system, or simplex SMP operating system. When many nuclear systems of isomerism cross over a plurality of kernels to operate a plurality of operating systems, need to consider the resources that any operating system can't operate. The intersection of hardware and the intersection of accelerator and the intersection of inoperative and operating system any rely on, run at that time nuclear the intersection of operation and the intersection of system pair and its cross correlation work only. Complexity of this heavier kind of system of the accelerator of the hardware. The alliance has already set about working out API of the information transmission and resource management regarding embedded to distribute basic communication. Inside calls it Communication API (namely CAPI) . The target system of CAPI includes the kernel of multidimensional isomerism, connect on slice, the memorizer, operating system, software development tool, and programming language. CAPI is about writing the norm of API, but not its realization. The members of the alliance can consult it and finish one's own required processor structure and select to be realized by CAPI of the operating system freely. Though there is MPI and OpenMP industrial standard of programming of multi-processor, but its original goal still only concentrates on large-scale SMP distribution system and specific and particular application (such as scientific computation) . About elasticity, as as other canonial goals restriction of CAPI its. Moreover, compare with application respect, its CAPI is some of generalization even more. As shown in Fig. 1, CAPI takes shape single layer, on it can be the application layer or abstraction layer which the developer constructs. Best for characteristic, communication, move ahead simultaneously, mark with allocation of resources under kernel, by application layer and CAPI layer being directly mutual, stride the call of a series of time consuming operating system. CAPI has a long bunch of unique characteristics and functions supported.

Fig. 1 CAPI takes shape single layer, on it can be the application layer or abstraction layer which the developer constructs. Best for characteristic, communication, move ahead simultaneously, mark with allocation of resources under kernel, by application and CAPI being directly mutual, stride the call of a series of time consuming operating system. What provided is two nuclear situations in the picture.

The work among the balanced multi-processors is born transparently to write the software and think RTOS of a lot of support SMP in future, have avoided and written this part of software. The alliance hopes to lead this kind of convenience into AMP system too, though it is not relaxed to develop this part of software. Develop putting in an position and swiftness of the procedure lain in designing in main challenge of the application software. Programming personnel are devoted to optimizing more during programming, and put in an position fast, do not care about requirements for adaptability of different hardware structures, need and industrial standard of the market,etc.. The change of an ordinary hardware may lead to unite to and increase a lot of kernels, even different processors. Accordingly, will also involve the life cycle of the software. The developer needs to maintain the huge code library and how many generations 's products are ever extended evolved. As to the processor of the host computer, if it was quite steady and standardized operating system that used, will contribute to developing the software of reusable and repeatable mapping. But the present focus has already transferred to and occupied the application framework above the operating system. The application framework such as OpenMax of the multimedia, GStreamer and Direct Show have very great help in writing the software. However, most embedded software is operating on the dedicated processor for special function, have not usually accorded with the canonial operating system. Under such situation, shine upon and all turn into a very difficult problem fast. Today, there is inherent parallelism in most embedded application, wait for the programmer to develop. It is easier for them to shine upon SMP structure, and still the challenge so far to AMP. Communication among the process of floating above the surface of water newly (IPC) It is very helpful for the standard to solve this kind of problem, the polykaryon alliance is in course of developing too. It can write out and can give the modified software to the current structural old software in the future, and shift it to AMP. If using CAPI must revise the software, for being easy so as to move, may still need to build up the coupling of the looseness again. CAPI offer transplantation of source code and put in an position, make structural independence and flexible also. Can also even imagine, change CAPI into a framework with these characteristics, is used in the kit EEMBC of the assessment routine.

Summary: This text has described protection feature, and overvoltage, voltage shortage of a kind of novel voltage taking a sample electrical machinery protector, interrupted (or error phase) Wait for the characteristic. Keyword: The novel voltage takes a sample; Protector of the electrical machinery; Protection feature

The foreword, in the use of the three-phase alternating current motor, it is used in the transmission Apparatus with irreversible three-phase (such as water pump, air blower, air compressor, lift electrical machinery,etc.) that increasingly many . In order to enable electrical machinery and can be protected in time under interrupting, phase sequence, overvoltage, voltage shortage situation, corresponding protector should have, protect the function while being above-mentioned, in order to guarantee electrical machinery and Apparatus normal safety work. In the voltage taking a sample protector, usually monitor the electrical machinery working voltage through the protector, judge the state of its voltage (such as overvoltage, voltage shortage, phase sequence, error phase, and the above-mentioned faulty indication appears on the protector faceplate) ,If is out of order, the protector, to control circuit Apparatus (such as the AC contactor) in the three-phase feed circuit Control, the major loop power of breaking, thus and transmit the Apparatus to carry on valid protection to the electrical machinery. Taking a sample its maximum point compared with taking a sample type of the electric current of protector of voltage is: It is with having nothing to do the power magnitude of protecting the electric equipment, and only protect according to situation of the quality of the network source, enabling and is protected electric Apparatus from power quality badly causes damage. Especially in the three-phase irreversible Apparatus or feedder line, after confirming the phase sequence, while maintaining or changing the power supply line and asserting originally the error phase of phase sequence meets, the protector can distinguish its original phase sequence, thus protect electrical machinery and corresponding apparatus.

Taking a sample protector of usually voltage of protection feature of the protector, mainly protect electrical machinery open phase and phase sequence, and in actual motion to electrical machinery, working voltage it in voltage shortage or overvoltages to be very difficult to blow get effective protection often, the real working condition of the electrical machinery to being protected, it is its protector that the operating range is wide; In this operating range (exchange three-phase 300V 460V) ,The protector realizes its voltage shortage and overvoltage protection movement characteristic (movement characteristic is shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 2) . In addition on the above-mentioned foundation of protecting the function, the protector can also follow the demand, not merely adjustable to overvoltage protection (380V 460V) And low-voltage protection (300V 380V is adjustable) The magnitude of voltage is set up, and it protects and delays time adjustable (overvoltage protection: Time delay 0.5S 5S is adjustable; Low-voltage protection: Time delay 1S 10S is adjustable) ,This protected the function and used and expanded and used the space for voltage taking a sample protector. Protector voltage shortage and movement characteristic of the overvoltage (Fig. 1) China, the intersection of characteristic and for being single-phase to pass the intersection of voltage shortage and the intersection of characteristic and line, characteristic line 2, pass, owe voltage characteristic line, characteristic line 3 to cross, owe voltage characteristic line for biphase for three phases 1 line.

The protector voltage shortage of Fig. 1 and movement characteristic of the overvoltage

Electrical machinery protector in design, consider protector should have overvoltage, voltage shortage, broken the intersection of error phase and 3 kinds of protection functions as an organic whole, adopt 3 input end negate AND gates and voltage comparators to finish this function. If the above-mentioned trouble takes place, in group IC4B (Fig. 2) Input end Determine to break error phase, overvoltage, voltage shortage trouble separately, signal input is " 0 " at this moment Level, and by the oppisite phase of group IC4C (use this group of output ends To drive the working condition of V1) Make V1 end, KA1 turns from attracting state into and releases the state, controls the contact to change. The contact of KA1, in order to release under the state (V1 end under the working condition) in Fig. 2 ,The intersection of protector and in the form of attracting KA1 (V1 enlarges under the working condition) when being like being in normal operation state .

The disconnected error phase of schematic diagram of picture 2 AS-11 electric motor protector protects the three-phase power to measure through A, B, C end, it put RC phase shift circuit into separately and three-phase power,such as will certainly,at n, w _ is minor in vector in nw at both ends, through voltage commutation to this, filter, make L3 (disconnected error phase) Point out, have in order to drive, then the intersection of photosensitive resister and IC2 (blow, isolate to sampling signal with working voltage) Conducting state that the place does not end. Thus make IC4A input end, end " 0" The state, export The end is " 1 " ,Mainly depend on IC4B inputs at this moment Change of the end. Interrupt while being mistaken or open phase vector, nw of _, increase at the trouble, through make L3 and IC2 work to rectification, filtering of voltage this. IC4A input end is " 1" ,Then output end It is " 0 " ,Thus cause V1 end, the intersection of KA1 and release, in the form of protection work protector. The work of voltage shortage protects and acts as group IC1A End (voltage shortage) Voltage with End (pass the partial pressure of R8, R9 resistance by IC4A end) ,In IC1A Terminal voltage U >U ,(conj.) The end is " 1 " ,Pilot lamp L1 work of voltage shortage. And compares (charges C5 through RP3, R11, sets for the guard time of voltage shortage) in IC1B ; It is " 0 " to carry UU When, the end is exported " 1" ,The pilot lamp L2 work of overvoltage, in IC1D End with End (RP4, R17 charge C9, the time setting of overvoltage protection) U

The typical application circuit of the circuit AS-11 electrical machinery protector of typical application is shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3 employs the example picture of the circuit

Conclude the speech voltage this take a sample protector of electrical machinery in case of two kinds overvoltage, voltage shortage, because it is wide to protect the voltage range, and voltage protection parameter value and guard time can be set up, this, in order to offer maximal convenience on user's inuse. In addition protect the most common open-phase trouble and phase sequence of electric motor, is not limited by the magnitude of horse-power of equipment of the electrical machinery, it is a taking a sample protector maximum characteristic of the voltage, have already been used extensively now.

Foreword ADS8361 A sampling rate is 16 analog to digital converter device of double-channel (ADC) of 500kSPS ,This converter has 4 the whole differentiating incoming channels, a pairwise pair, in order to realize the synchronous high-speed acquisition of signal. The input end to sample the hold amplifier is the whole differentiating, in addition, the input end of ADC keeps as the whole differentiating. This makes this ADC have remarkable common mode inhibitory potencies: It is 80dB in 50kHz, this is very important under the environment of high noise. MSP430 devices such as new MSP430F2013,etc. have common serial interface (USI) ,Therefore can be used in very simple and direct interface, this interface does not need to " bond logic " And there are few required software expenses. Some employ the requirement to realize accurate timing to the passway of synchronous data acquisition, we can obtain the required systematic result with this kind of interface at this moment. Hardware ADS8361EVMADS8361 It is the instrument of Dezhou (TI) Bunch that put out do the intersection of ADC and the intersection of electric machine control and the intersection of product series and product. EVM has offered the relevant platform, in order to demonstrate the function of ADS8361 ADC when cooperating with different TI DSP and microcontroller, and employed and offered and deposited and withdrawn all simulation and digital signal function conveniently to the made-to-order final user.

The hardware imterface structure chart eZ430-F2013 developing instrument eZ430-F2013 of Fig. 1 is the intact MSP430 developing instrument, including assessing MSP430F2013 all required software and hardware. We store excellently and offer this hardware with USB facilitated. EZ430-F2013 adopts embedded work bench IAR to integrate and develop the environment (IDE) ,In order to offer the intact simulated function, this device offers two kinds of options of independent system design and detachable goal board, in order to integrate in the existing design. More details, please visit: www.ti.com/ez430. The hardware imterface connects requiring and adopting three simple line interfaces (see Table 1) the most low of eZ430-F2013 and ADS8361EVM . Hardware connection is shown as Fig. 1. CLOCK of ADS8361, (RD + CONVST) Connect with Serial Data A pin to SCLK, MOSI and MISO pin of USI port separately. chip select (CS) The pin is earthed, because only put one ADC on the port. If connect the multiple device on the bus line, then GPIO that the chip select pin can be used on MSP430 device controls. Software interface MSP430 All software adopt IAR embedded to last platform (Kickstart edition) Write and compile. This software is a charge free edition of IDE, and here www.ti.com/ez430 The tools of websites are supported (TOOL SUPPORT) Some download. You can also ask to get the code used in examples. USI sets up USI module to offer the basic function of a synchronous serial Communication scheme of support. USI has built-in hardware functions, thus has simplified the implementation of SPI communication. In addition, USI module also has look-at-me functions, can further reduce the expenses of the software.

Summary: This text has introduced the software and hardware design method of interface of Communication of Ethernet based on new independent control chip CP2200. Keyword: CP2200; Ethernet; C8051F040; TCP/IP

The foreword is at present, the embedded designer is offering Ethernet for remote control or monitoring aid to connect fashionably, Ethernet controllers used are all specially for system design of the personal computer, for instance RTL8019, DM9008, CS8900A,etc.. These devices not only complicatedness of the interface circuit, volume are relatively large, but also more expensive. CP2200 is an independent Ethernet controller that Silabs is introduced, it accords with IEEE 802.3 agreement, support 10M Ethernet to insert, and only need little outside circuit to be wired the designing requirement of the embedded Ethernet interface of satisfiable overwhelming majority, make the design of interface of immersible type Ethernet simplified greatly, take the space of board to reduce greatly, the systematic development cost is reduced greatly. In addition, this Ethernet controller has 8 bit parallel main machine interfaces, can offer the Communication function of Ethernet for most microcontrollers or host processor. 8 the intersection of bit parallel and bus interface support Intel and the intersection of Motorola and the intersection of bus line and way, can use, multiplex non disjunction multiplex way addressing. These functions add TCP/IP protocol stack of the relevant processor, make the Ethernet interface of the embedded application system realized and extremely simple and easy.

The hardware circuit of the circuit design system of the hardware is shown in Fig. 1. The peripheral circuit of CP2200 is simpler.

The running side by side in the main machine interface of hardware circuit I/O parallel interface CP2200 of Fig. 1, support Motorola and Intel two kinds of bus line ways, and support the address data to multiplex and not multiplex in the way. Can realize the disposition to the host computer interface bus way by earthing or drawing the high level MUXEN and MOTEN pin. Ethernet voltage transformer should realize interface of Ethernet, Ethernet voltage transformer is vital. Receive the pin (RX + / RX-) in the differentiating Have, 1:1 pulse voltage transformer needing one to be used particularly in 10BASE-T operation. Distribute and send the pin (TX + / TX-) in difference Unless have, it need it connect on every one with center tap 1:2. 5 pulse voltage transformer. The voltage transformer should have the voltage above 2kV to isolate the characteristic, in order to prevent electrostatic interference. The sending end needs two 8W (precision is 1%)s Resistance and the electric capacities of one piece 560pF link with particular end, be needed linking with particular end one of 100W resistances receiving end. At the request of CP2200, what I adopted is the Model PRJ-010 voltage transformer of series PRJ. This voltage transformer integrated RJ-45 is connected, the transmissive reliability of high frequency signal of improvement while saving manily and is wired. Other circuit LINK and ACT pin outgoing levels come to drive LED, the active state of connected sum used for pointing out the network. All pins of the power must link with same outside 3.3V power. Similar, all reference should be connected to the identical touch-down point the outside. Each VDD should connect the ceramic bypass capacitor of one 0.1mF, this electric capacity, close to the pin as much as possible with VSS pin. Need to especially prove, it needs relatively high electric current to drive the line interface of twisted-pairs, so the data link of receiving and dispatching of Ethernet should be as short as possible, and the thread diameter is strengthened appropriately in order to reduce the resistance losses (in order to guarantee machine format reliable transmission, my PCB circuit board has been chosen the thread diameter of 20mil) .

The software design TCP/IP agreement is various in style, cross correlation is complicated each other, can not realize all agreements on the one-chip computer, so must cut out the protocol stack. Combined the concrete Communication requirement for the system, my system only kept TCP, UDP, IP, ICMP, ARP agreement module finally. At the intersection of protocol stack and global design of procedure, consider single task of one-chip computer execution modes very difficult to give play to the intersection of TCP/ IP and characteristic of agreement, we have adopted the implement method based on that the incident drive TCP/IP protocol stack of the mechanism. The leading-in of this mechanism, make the system while guaranteeing to have an efficient assembler language to take the place of code efficiency, the real-time responsibility has got the improvement by a wide margin too. Will explain specifically the incident drives the characteristic of the mechanism and realization based on TCP/IP protocol stack of this mechanism as follows. After the incident drives mechanism's system initiation to finish, enter the incident loop body, inquiring whether there are incidents in event queues of C8051F040 constantly. Once event queue non-null, read the event flag word, judge incident type, and then the call corresponds to the incident and deals with the subroutine. After dealing with the subroutine and finishing, still return to the incident loop body. The event flag word is cut off and drives directly or indirectly, after a certain incident happens, only need it in the interrupt service routine the location of corresponding position of the status word. Cutting off and adding the incident in the event queue constantly, C8051F040 handler reads the event flag word from the event queue ceaselessly, handle the incident. The characteristic that the incident drives the mechanism is: *Because of in interrupt handler, carry out change the intersection of event flag and the intersection of word and such simple routine statement only, add the incident to event queue of C8051F040, return immediately. So close interrupted time very short systematically. Have strengthened the real-time nature of interrupt processing of system pair. *C8051F040 deals with or adds and further deals with the required incident in the event queue the corresponding incident according to the incident read at present. This has actually dealt with all tasks step by step, while carrying out this task of a step, also can carry out other task of a step. Like this. On condition that influence the main flow of program, have improved the systematic real-time nature. Brief procedure that the incident circulates

Legend: 1 =EVENT_ETH_ARRIVED; 2 =EVENT_TCP_RETRAN; 3 =EVENT_TCP_INACTIVITY; 4 =EVENT_ARP_RETRAN; 5 =EVENT_AGE_ARP_CACHE; 6 =EVENT_COME_NEWDATA; The brief procedure of the incident circulation process incident loop body of Fig. 2 is shown as in Fig. 2, among them meaning of every incident is: EVENT_ETH_ARRIVED: Ether network frame incident remained to deal with. Measure this incident, C8051F040 knows the call and reads CP2200 and accepts the buffer procedure, then deal with the bale breaking to the frame; EVENT_TCP_RETRAN: TCP retransmission incident. When TCP timer is exceeded, touch off this incident; EVENT_TCP_INACTIVITY: Do not shut off the link joint incident. As some connection has not received and dispatched the data for over 0.5 seconds, touch off this incident; EVENT_ARP_RETRAN: ARP asks for the retransmission incident of data packet. It is not corresponding to ask after sending out 0.5 seconds in a certain ARP, touch off this incident. Did not respond through retransmission two times, abandoned the data packet taking this IP as destination address; EVENT_AGE_ARP_CACHE: Upgrade ARP and buffer the incident. Touch off this incident once every 60 seconds; EVENT_COME_NEWDATA: There are new data incidents. When it is waited to send that there are new data, touch off this incident;

Many kinds of integrated function such as the intersection of CRC and check-up to conclude the speech CP2200, data filtering,etc. lighten the load of the one-chip computer effectively, it is flexible and convenient that the interface cell operation of receiving and dispatching within it stands up, have offered valid buffer for data packet of Ethernet. The chip has stable in-service behavior and interference-free antidetonation characteristic, I utilize CP2200, C8051F040 one-chip computer and TCP/IP protocol stack develop the interface plate card of Communication of Ethernet used for locomotive. This plate card has already run in testing the locomotive, in-service behavior is good, can carry on stable data transfer.