This wasn't a reply to me specifically, it was just a reply I found on the post I'd made about the Great Pyramid and one that I sat there for a full minute looking at before I laughed. I hadn't even mentioned the cartouche in the Pyramid as being evidence for Khufu having built it because honestly there's so much other evidence from the Egyptians themselves repeatedly saying 'Khufu built it' that I didn't think this was in dispute. But let's unpack this shall we?
I'd never heard of 'the cartouche in Khufu's pyramid is a forgery' conspiracy theory before. That's a new one for me! So I did a little digging on that and found a bunch of Daily Express/Daily Mail articles, as well as a bunch of personal websites for mystics and Quora answers. High quality stuff there /s. C'mon people, do we really have to keep going over this sort of thing?
Funniest one I found contained gems such as:
a) You're thinking of New Kingdom tombs babes. This is the Old Kingdom where it's a lot less likely.
b) 'academics tend to agree with each other just out of habit' is the funniest fucking sentence I'll read today.
Two. There are two. One Greek (Cheops), one the original Egyptian (Khufu). It's not hard.
Anyway, that same site, as well as numerous others claim the name is spelt wrong and also that Tallet's papyri (the Diary of Merer) is a fake. All these places cite the same guy. So I looked into that because why not?
Anyway, it turns out that some guy called Zecharia Sitchin claimed that the writing of the cartouche in Khufu's pyramid was not only spelled wrong but made with paint that didn't exist at the time of Khufu's reign. Multiple sources claim he was an Egyptologist, which is so far from the truth it's painful. He had a degree in Economics. You can look this stuff up. It's really easy! He was a subscriber of Eric von Daniken's beliefs - y'know...the ones about how there was a master race of Aliens that built the Egyptian monuments. Immediately, this should start ringing alarm bells. The 'see also' section at the bottom of his wikipedia page is like a bingo of dickheads:
He died in 2010, yet I keep seeing 'new discoveries' made by this man dated from 2013 all the way up to 2019...as if he somehow hopped out of the grave to spew more racist bullshit and hop back in again.
I mean look at this. He's been dead 9 racist racist years at this point, but somehow he's got new theories!!!
(also for the US audience, the Daily Express is like the Daily Mail, which is like Fox News. Just as racist as the other two, but with added Princess Diana conspiracies)
So is the cartouche spelt wrong? Stitchin claimed that the ḫ or 𓐍 symbol in the name Khufu (I'm sorry it's so small, unicode is a crock of shit when it comes to correct hieroglyph sizing) is a forgery written by the Egyptologist who discovered it in 1837 and is actually r' or 𓇳 so his name should be Refu and an entirely different person.
Here's what that cartouche looks like:
I do so love people who can't read hieroglyphs just turning up and being like 'oh yeah nah the Egyptologists are wrong' and 'the guy who discovered this graffiti only 15 years after hieroglyphs were deciphered totally had the ability to a) fake hieratic script and b) also fake the title 'companions of Khufu' despite those words not having been discovered yet', but I digress. Anyway, racism does something to your brain because that's a ḫ or 𓐍 and is consistent with the way Khufu's name is spelt literally everywhere else.
I can't even begin to unpack the theory that Richard Howard-Vyse, the man that blew a hole in the side of the Pyramid to get into it, the man who could barely read hieroglyphs let alone hieratic, would be completely of the mind to fake several cartouches for what gain exactly? The man was a former MP who went off on his 'jollies of Empire' to Egypt, couldn't read hieroglyphs beyond basic signs, but conspiracy theorists want me to believe he could construct whole phrases using the correct terms for the Old Kingdom??? (yeah, surprise, terms for things changed over the course of Egyptian history so I really really want some conspiracy theorist to tell me how Vyse knew the specific Old Kingdom term for 'companion' when we hadn't discovered that yet).
There are numerous other cartouches, not just that one, found in difficult to reach places that no one in their right mind is going to sit there and think 'yeah no I'll graffiti this just so everyone believes it's Khufu and not aliens'. These notations are builders marks on internal stones that make up the core of the pyramid. But no of course all of these are somehow faked:
As for the $1m costing of the expedition? I can't find anything on this except conspiracies within conspiracies. Also Vyse was British.
The paint analysis of it being 'new' paint was done by two amateurs and has been widely refuted. They never really explained how it was 'new' only that it was and therefore they were correct, which is wild. Also I'm wondering what illegal methods of collection they used to obtain these paint samples considering that part of the pyramid isn't open to the public.
So, moving on to Pierre Tallet's discovery of P.Jarf A&B, I found this when I was looking for Khufu's cartouche stuff:
Aside from the fact that the Sphinx stele was put there by Thutmosis IV and not Khufu, William you fucking dunce, and that Khunum is Khufu's 'Nomen' or personal name i.e ẖnmw ḫwj=f w(j) 'Khnum protects me' (Egyptian kings had five different names called titularies, you can look this up very easily, but I've made this whole sentence a link so you can clicky clicky or tappy tappy) which was his birth name (Khufu was the throne name), did you read the Diary of Merer, William? Did you??
You can read Tallet's work here. Clicky clicky/tappy tappy.
Before we start, numerous sites claimed this papyrus is a fake, so here's an image of it and I'm gonna ask you if you put that much effort into faking a diary of a guy who's job it was to inspect limestone quarries?
Yeah, no. Ain't no one going to that much effort for lacunae (holes in text).
Anyway, no the papyrus does not in fact directly record the construction of the pyramid. No one ever said it did. The Diary of Merer (Papyrus Jarf A & B) is the logbook of Merer who was the Inspector of Works during the reign of Khufu and his journeys up and down the canal ways constructed to carry the limestone from Tura to Giza. He travels with this limestone to see it dropped off. He doesn't say 'this is the limestone used to build khufu's pyramid'. Not once does anyone say 'pyramid' or 'this is how we built it'.
This is the fun thing about History. People rarely say things directly, or write things down picture perfectly so there can be absolutely no doubt. We have to use evidence to infer certain things that aren't being directly told to us. You look at what you do have and say 'well if X is said to be happening, and we have evidence for it, and the evidence says Y is over in Z where something else is happening, we have to infer that Y was part of an event that was connected to X, just in a different location.'
So, let's take the words of Merer in his logbook. He doesn't say he's constructing a pyramid of Khufu directly. He says it's year 27 and is mostly concerned about the quality of limestone and that it's being shipped to the correct places. So he visits Tura, Ro-She-Khufu, and Akhet Khufu. We know that Tura is where they're quarrying stone, Ro-She-Khufu is the 'entrance to the pool of Khufu' (a harbor near the Giza plateau), and Akhet-Khufu 'Horizon of Khufu' is the Egyptian name given to Khufu's pyramid. So these are all sites associated with a Pyramid or Pyramid building. We can thus infer that Merer is inspecting blocks for a building project at the site of Khufu's pyramid.
He also tells us that when he stops for the night at Ro-She-Khufu, he does so at the house of the Vizier Ankhhaf. Now Ankhhaf is pretty famous. His bust is in MFA Boston and he has a lovely mastaba tomb at Giza. Why? Because he's Khufu's half brother and overseer of the construction of Khufu's pyramid. That tells us with certainty that this papyrus is dated to a time period where Ankhhaf, brother of Khufu, was alive.
So that's all compelling evidence, but William argues that they might have only been taking blocks to the area of Khufu's pyramid but the blocks weren't for Khufu's pyramid because it's 'already there'. Let's unpack that! Before Khufu, the Giza plateau had no Pyramids. All previous pyramids were built at Saqqara, Dashur, and Meidum. Khufu's father Sneferu built his pyramids (plural) at Dashur and Meidum (Red and Bent pyramids), so not at Giza. But what about after Khufu I hear you ask? Djedefre, Khufu's son and successor, built his pyramid at Abu Rawash 8km north of Giza. He also only reigned for about 14 years. This is important information, hold onto it. Maybe it was Khafre (Khufu's other son) who *did* build at Giza? Possible. So let's look at the data:
Khufu's pyramid was the first construction at Giza. He chose it because there was nothing else there, meaning that blocks could not be for any project before Khufu's pyramid.
Merer met Ankhhaf, Khufu's half brother who was responsible for overseeing the construction of his pyramid in Year 27.
Ankhhaf lived into the reign of Djedefre who did build a pyramid but not at Giza and only reigned 14 years.
Khafre built at Giza, and as William implies, stone blocks were arriving 'at' Akhet Khufu, and apparently not 'for' Akhet Khufu. So that must be what Merer is referring to right?
Nope. Ankhhaf died during the reign of Djedefre.
So for William's assumption to be correct and Merer was only in a small boat taking limestone blocks to a construction project other than Khufu's pyramid, several things have to be true: Djedefre had to have built at Giza (he didn't), Djedefre had to have reigned 27 years (he reigned 14), if Merer was working not on Djedefre but Khafre's pyramid then Ankhhaf had to still be alive during Khafre's reign (nope, he died during Djedefre's reign).
Can you see that while Merer didn't not explicitly say 'We're building Khufu's Pyramid' the contextual evidence and inference make it literally impossible for him to have been doing anything else? Khufu's was the only pyramid being built there when his brother Ankhhaf was alive. The papyrus is dated to year 27, and the successor didn't live that long nor did he build a pyramid at Giza. It cannot be Khafre's pyramid, which was built at Giza, because Ankhhaf died before Khafre took the throne. Thus the only logical conclusion we can take from Merer's logbooks is that he was inspecting stone for the construction of Khufu's pyramid, sailing with it to see Khufu's brother, and then dropping it off at Akhet Khufu for which the only reason can be for building Khufu's pyramid. Ergo, while it doesn't explicitly say 'hey we're building a pyramid' it does heavily infer it. There's not another option!
And if we circle back to the original screenshot's point about 'the graffiti being fake' and take that as gospel, then we have to ignore all the other evidence:
Multiple Egyptian sources referring to it as Khufu's pyramid and that Khufu existed as king.
Multiple non-Egyptian sources referring to it as Khufu's pyramid
Tombs and Mastabas in the Giza cemetery talk of being buried next to Khufu's pyramid and having permission to do this (considered a high honour in Ancient Egypt)
Khufu's mother is buried nearby.
Seals bearing the name of 'Akhet Khufu' have been found in the area.
The workman's village for the Pyramids
Stele of Amenhotep II from the New Kingdom, 1200 years after the Pyramids had been constructed, that attributes them to Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure
The solar boat pits around the Great Pyramid, whose stone seals bore the name of Djedefre (whose job it was to perform the rites as son and successor), but whose contents bore the name of Khufu.
Egyptologists (and Archaeologists/Historians) don't look at things in isolation. We look at them in a wider context built on evidence we already have. It is Khufu's pyramid because of an overwhelming amount of evidence that tells us 'this is Khufu's pyramid' and not just one cartouche. Merer's logbooks show us with clarity where and how the Egyptians were bringing stone to the Giza plateau i.e. through canals, which we have evidence for. Each further piece of evidence cements it in place. That's how we come to conclusions.
But sure, one racist who can't even read hieroglyphs nor define them within their proper context because he's so certain ancient aliens rather than Egyptians built the pyramids is totally right. There's obviously no other evidence and we can dismiss Egyptologists and what they say very easily because they just want to hide all that information from you despite it being readily available.